Title: World History
1World History
2Day 1 Agenda
- Welcome
- Expectations
- Review of the Renaissance
3Test Taking Tips 1
- Read everything Carefully- many of the GHSGT
questions involve short articles, tables, charts,
and graphs. All test questions require careful
reading of the directions and the questions and
four answers.
4Test Taking Tip 2
- There are NO Trick Questions- while it is
important to read each question carefully, we
have not included any trick questions. You
should not spend too much time trying to figure
out what we really mean. If you read the entire
questions (including all accompanying material),
then the real meaning should be clear. We do not
consider requiring a careful reading of the
entire question to be a trick.
5Test Taking Tip 3
- Consider Every Question- You must choose, from
the four alternatives, the answer that best
addresses the question. Some of the alternatives
(distractors) will be attractive because they
include an irrelevant detail, a common
misconception, or apply the right information in
the wrong way.
6Practice Question
- While both Italian and Northern Renaissance
writers held humanist views, Northern Renaissance
writers such as Desiderius Erasmus focused more
on - nature.
- politics.
- religion.
- science.
7Correct Answer C
- Northern Renaissance writers such as Erasmus
focused more on religion than on other worldly
ideas. Erasmus, for example, believed that people
should study the Bible and wrote The Praise of
Folly, an essay which ends with an outline of
true Christian ideals.
8Practice Question
- What was an important impact of the astrolabe in
Europe during the 1500s and 1600s? - It helped engineers use Newtons laws to invent
new machines. - It improved the ability of explorers to navigate
across far distances. - It increased the efficiency of book printing
through the use of movable type. - It provided new evidence that supported Kelpers
laws of planetary motion.
9Correct Answer B
- The astrolabe is an astronomical instrument used
by European explorers during the 1500s and 1600s
to determine the ships latitude. This improved
the ability of explores to navigate far distances
during this time.
10SSWH13. The student will examine the
intellectual, political, social, and economic
factors that changed the world view of Europeans.
QCC standards WH10, WH12, WH13
11What Was the Renaissance?
1
- The Renaissance was a time of creativity and
change in many areaspolitical, social, economic,
and cultural. Perhaps most important, however,
were the changes that took place in the way
people viewed themselves and their world. - Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the here and now. They emphasized
individual achievement. - The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent
in many fields.
12a. Explain the social, economic, and political
changes that contributed to the rise ofFlorence
and the ideas of Machiavelli.
13Renaissance Italy
1
14Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy?
1
- The Renaissance was marked by a new interest in
the culture of ancient Rome. Italy had been the
center of the Roman empire. - The cities of Italy had survived the Middle Ages
and grown into prosperous centers of trade and
manufacturing. - A wealthy merchant class in the Italian
city-states stressed education and individual
achievement and spent lavishly on the arts. - Florence produced an amazing number of gifted
poets, artists, architects, scholars, and
scientists.
15Machiavelli
- The Prince is an intensely practical guide to the
exercise of raw political power over a
Renaissance principality. - Allowing for the unpredictable influence of
fortune, Machiavelli argued that it is primarily
the character or vitality or skill of the
individual leader that determines the success of
any state. - The book surveys various bold means of acquiring
and maintaining the principality and evaluates
each of them solely by reference to its
likelihood of augmenting the glory of the prince
while serving the public interest. - It is this focus on practical success by any
means, even at the expense of traditional moral
values, that earned Machiavelli's scheme a
reputation for ruthlessness, deception, and
cruelty.
16b. Identify artistic and scientific achievements
of Leonardo da Vinci, the Renaissanceman, and
Michelangelo.
17Three Geniuses of Renaissance Art
1
LEONARDO
MICHELANGELO
Renaissance Man
Made sketches of nature and of models Dissected
corpses to learn how the human body
worked Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The
Last Supper Studied botany, anatomy, optics,
music, architecture, and engineering Made
sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
Talented sculptor, engineer, painter, architect,
and poet Sculpted the Pieta and statue of
David Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling
of the Sistine Chapel in Rome Designed the dome
for St. Peters Cathedral in Rome
Renaissance Man and, less commonly, Homo
Universalis (Latin for "universal man" or "man of
the world") are related and used to describe a
person who is well educated or who excels in a
wide variety of subjects or fields.
18c. Explain the main characteristics of humanism
include the ideas of Petrarch, Dante, andErasmus.
19Humanism
1
- At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an
intellectual movement known as humanism. - Humanism was based on the study of classical
culture and focused on worldly subjects rather
than on religious issues. - Humanists studied the humanities, the subjects
taught in ancient Greece and Rome. They believed
that education should stimulate creativity.
20Northern Humanists
2
- Like their Italian counterparts, northern
humanists stressed education and classical
learning. At the same time, they believed that
the revival of ancient learning should be used to
bring about religious and moral reforms. - Desiderius Erasmus called for reform of the
church and for the bible to be translated from
Latin into the vernacular, or language of
ordinary people.
21- The writings of Dante, and particularly the
doctrines of Petrarch and humanists like
Machiavelli, emphasized the virtues of
intellectual freedom and individual expression.
22d. Analyze the impact of the Protestant
Reformation include the ideas of Martin
Lutherand John Calvin.
23The Protestant Reformation
3
- In the 1500s, calls for reform unleashed forces
that would shatter Christian unity. The movement
is known as the Protestant Reformation. - People who joined the movement for reform called
themselves Protestants, for those who protested
papal authority.
24Abuses in the Church
3
Beginning in the late Middle Ages, the Church had
become increasingly caught up in worldly affairs.
- Popes competed with Italian princes for political
power. - Popes fought long wars to protect the Papal
States against invaders. - Some clergy promoted the sale of indulgences.
- Popes led lavish lifestyles and spent a great
deal of money on the arts. - The Church increased fees for services such as
weddings and baptisms to finance worldly
projects.
25The Teachings of Martin Luther
3
- Salvation is achieved through faith alone.
- Luther rejected Church doctrine that
good deeds were necessary for salvation. - The Bible is the sole source of religious truth.
- Luther denied other authorities, such
as Church councils or the pope. - All Christians have equal access to God through
faith and the Bible. - Luther rejected the idea that priests
and Church officials had special powers.
26Luthers ideas spread quickly in northern Germany
and Scandinavia.
3
Why Did Lutheranism Receive Widespread Support?
- Many clergy saw Luthers reforms as the answer to
Church corruption. - German princes hoped to throw off the rule of
both the Church and the Holy Roman emperor. - Germans supported Luther because of feelings of
national loyalty. - Peasants hoped that Luther would support social
and economic change.
27John Calvin
3
The most important Protestant reformer to follow
Martin Luther was John Calvin.
- Calvin followed most of the teachings of Martin
Luther. He also preached predestination, the
idea that God had long ago determined who would
gain salvation. - In 1541, Calvin set up a theocracy in Geneva. A
theocracy is a government run by Church leaders. - By the late 1500s, Calvinism had taken root in
Germany, France, the Netherlands, England, and
Scotland. - In several of these countries, Calvinists faced
opposition and persecution from other religious
groups.
28Causes and Effects of the Protestant Reformation
4
Immediate Effects
Long-Term Effects
Peasants Revolt Founding of Lutheran,
Calvinist, Anglican, Presbyterian, and other
Protestant churches Weakening of Holy Roman
Empire Luther calls for Jews to be expelled from
Christian lands
Religious wars in Europe Catholic
Reformation Strengthening of the
Inquisition Jewish migration to Eastern
Europe Increased anti-Semitism
29Widespread Persecution
4
- During this period of heightened religious
passion, both Catholics and Protestants fostered
intolerance. - Catholics killed Protestants and Protestants
killed Catholics. - Between 1450 and 1750, tens of thousands of
people, mostly women, died as victims of witch
hunts. - In some places, Jews were forced to live in
ghettos, or separate quarters of the city. In
other places, they were expelled from Christian
lands and their books and synagogues were burned.
30e. Describe the Counter Reformation at the
Council of Trent and the role of the Jesuits.
31The Catholic Reformation
4
- Pope Paul III led a vigorous reform movement
within the Catholic Church. - Pope Paul III set out to revive the moral
authority of the Church and roll back the
Protestant tide. To accomplish these goals, he - Called the Council of Trent to establish the
direction that reform should take - Strengthened the Inquisition
- Recognized a new religious order, the Jesuits,
to combat heresy and spread the Catholic faith.
32f. Describe the English Reformation and the role
of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.
33England and the Church
4
In 1528, King Henry VIII asked the pope to annul,
or cancel, his marriage.
The pope refused Henrys request.
Henry took the Church from the popes control and
created the Church of England.
Protestant King Edward VI brought Protestant
reforms to England.
Queen Mary wanted to restore Catholicism to
England. She had hundreds of English Protestants
burned at the stake.
Queen Elizabeth forged a compromise between
Protestants and Catholics.
34g. Explain the importance of Gutenberg and the
invention of the printing press.
35The Printing Revolution
2
- A printing revolution took place when
- In 1456, Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inks. - Movable type was developed twenty years later.
- IMPACT
- Printed books were cheaper and easier to produce.
- With books more readily available, more people
learned to read. - Readers gained access to a broad range of
knowledge and ideas.
36- Jacques Cartier and Samuel de Champlain are MOST
associated with the exploration and settling of - A) Quebec and New France.
- B) Jamestown and Roanoke.
- C) Haiti and New Orleans.
- D) St. Augustine and Miami.
37Correct Answer A
- Though their time periods span a range of nearly
100 years, Jacques Cartier and Samuel de
Champlain are MOST associated with the foundation
of French settlements in Quebec and New France.
They were active in the 1530s, and early 1600s
respectively.
38Correct Answer A
- The work by people such as Nicolaus Copernicus,
Andreas Vesalius, and William Harvey in the
Scientific Revolution was made possible by
advances during the - A) Renaissance.
- B) Enlightenment.
- C) Age of Exploration.
- D) Protestant Reformation
39- The advances of the Scientific Revolution would
not have been possible if not for the work of
people like Galileo in the Renaissance. Scholars
of the Renaissance rediscovered the works of
Greek and Roman scientists and began improving
upon them. This led to the period that historians
eventually called the Scientific Revolution.
40SSWH10. The student will analyze the impact of
the age of discovery and expansion into the
Americas, Africa, and Asia. QCC standard WH11
41Why Did Europeans Cross the Seas?
1
- As Europes population recovered from the Black
Death, the demand for trade goods grew. - Europeans wanted spices.
- European merchants wanted to gain direct access
to the riches of Asia. - Some voyagers still wanted to crusade against the
Muslims. - Others were inspired by the Renaissance spirit to
learn about distant lands.
42Early Voyages of European Exploration, 14871609
1
43a. Explain the roles of explorers and
conquistadors include Vasco da Gama,
ChristopherColumbus, Ferdinand Magellan, and
Samuel de Champlain.
44Portugals Voyages to the East
1
In 1497, Vasco da Gama reached the spice port of
Calicut in India.
In 1502, da Gama forced a treaty on Calicut.
The Portuguese seized key ports around the Indian
Ocean to create a vast trading empire.
45Columbuss Voyages to the West
1
- Backed by Spain, Christopher Columbus tried to
reach the Indies, in Southeast Asia, by sailing
west across the Atlantic. - Columbus believed that the land that he reached
was the Indies. In fact, he had found a route to
continents previously unknown to Europeans. These
lands later became known as the West Indies.
46- When Columbus returned, Spain and Portugal both
rushed to claim the lands Columbus had explored. - Pope Alexander VI set a Line of Demarcation,
giving to Spain rights to any land west of the
line and to Portugal, rights to any land east of
the line.
47Exploring the Americas
1
Europeans continued to seek new routes around or
through the Americas. Ferdinand Magellan
charted a passage around the southern tip of
South America and gave the Pacific Ocean its
name. His crew became the first people to
circumnavigate, or sail around, the world. Samuel
de Champlain founded New France in the Americas.
In modern times New France is called Quebec.
48b. Define the Columbian Exchange and its global
economic and cultural impact.
49The Columbian Exchange
5
- When Columbus returned to
- Spain in 1493, he brought
- with him new plants and
- animals. Later that year, he
- returned to the Americas
- with some 1,200 settlers and
- a collection of European
- animals and plants.
- In this way, Columbus began
- a vast global exchange that
- would have a profound effect
- on the world.
50A Commercial Revolution
5
- The opening of direct links with Asia, Africa,
and the Americas had far-reaching economic
consequences for Europeans. - Prices began to rise in Europe, as part of the
cycle of inflation. - European inflation had several causes
- As the population grew, the demand for goods
and services rose. - Because goods were scarce, sellers could
raise their prices. - The increased flow of gold and silver from the
Americas led to more money in circulation. -
- Expanded trade and the push for overseas empires
spurred the growth of European capitalism, the
investment of money to make a profit. - Entrepreneurs and capitalists made up a new
business class. Together they helped change the
local European economy into an international
trading system.
51Mercantilism
5
- European monarchs adopted a new economic policy,
known as mercantilism, aimed at strengthening
their national economies. - According the mercantilism, a nations real
wealth is measured in its gold and silver
treasure. To build its supply of gold and silver,
a nation must export more goods than it imports. - Overseas empires and colonies existed for the
benefit of the parent nation. Rulers needed to
adopt policies to increase national wealth and
government revenues.
52- To achieve these goals, European governments
- passed strict laws regulating trade with their
colonies. - exploited natural resources, built roads, and
backed new industries. - sold monopolies to large producers in certain
areas. - imposed tariffs, or taxes on imported goods.
53How Did Economic Changes Affect Europeans?
5
- The impact of economic change depended on a
persons social class. - Merchants who invested in overseas ventures
acquired wealth. - Nobles, whose wealth was in land, were hurt by
the price revolution. - Hired workers in towns and cities faced
poverty and discontent when their wages did not
keep up with inflation. - Peasants, the majority of Europeans, were not
affected until centuries later. - Within Europes growing cities, there were great
differences in wealth and power.
54c. Explain the role of improved technology in
European exploration include the astrolabe.
55Tools of Ocean Navigation
1
Astrolabe This device was used to measure the
angles of the sun and stars above the horizon. It
was difficult to use accurately in rough seas.
Caravel This ship combined the square sails of
European vessels with the lateen (triangular)
sails of their Arab counterparts. The new rigging
made it easier to sail across and into the wind.
56SSWH13. The student will examine the
intellectual, political, social, and economic
factors that changed the world view of Europeans.
QCC standards WH10, WH12, WH13
57a. Explain the scientific contributions of
Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton andhow
these ideas changed the European world view.
58These scientific discoveries called into question
various religious teachings. Thus weakening the
Roman Catholic Church Authority.
- In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a
heliocentric, or sun-centered, model of the
universe. - Johannes Keppler proposed that each planet moved
around the sun in an oval-shaped orbit called an
ellipse. - Galileo Galilei built a telescope and confirmed
the heliocentric model. This discovery caused
an uproar and Galileo was tried before the
Inquisition. - Isaac Newton proposed the law of gravity.
59b. Identify the major ideas of the Enlightenment
from the writings of Locke and Rousseauand their
relationship to politics and society.
60Political Thinkers of the Enlightenment
1
ROUSSEAU
JOHN LOCKE
Believed that people were basically good.
Argued that government controls should be
minimal and should only be imposed by a freely
elected government. Felt the good of the
community should be placed above individual
interests.
People are basically reasonable and moral.
People have certain natural rights. A
government has a duty to the people it governs.
If a government fails, the people have the right
to overthrow it.
61SSWH14. The student will analyze the Age of
Revolutions and Rebellions. QCC standardsWH13,
WH14
62England 1689
63The Glorious Revolution
3
- When James II angered his subjects and clashed
with Parliament, parliamentary leaders invited
William and Mary to become rulers of England.
When William and Mary landed in England, James
II fled to France. This bloodless overthrow of a
king became known as the Glorious Revolution. - Before they could be crowned, William and Mary
had to accept the English Bill of Rights, which
- ensured superiority of Parliament over the
monarchy. - gave the House of Commons power of the purse.
- prohibited a monarch from interfering with
Parliament. - barred any Roman Catholic from sitting on the
throne. - restated the rights of English citizens.
- The Glorious Revolution did not create democracy,
but a type of government called limited monarchy,
in which a constitution or legislative body
limits the monarchs powers.
64US Revolution
65The 13 Colonies
4
- By the mid 1700s, the colonies were home to
diverse religious and ethnic groups. The
colonists felt entitled to the rights of English
citizens, and their colonial assemblies exercised
much control over local affairs. - Although the ways of life between the colonists
of New England and those in the south differed,
the colonists shared common values, respect for
individual enterprise, and an increasing sense of
their own identity separate from that of Britain.
66Growing Discontent
4
After 1763, relations between Britain and the 13
colonies grew strained. George III wanted the
colonists to help pay for the Seven Years War
and troops still stationed along the
frontier. No taxation without
representation. The colonists protested that
since they had no representation in Parliament,
the British had no right to tax them. British
troops fired on a crowd of colonists in the
Boston Massacre. Colonists protested by
dumping British tea into Boston Harbor in the
Boston Tea Party. Representatives from each
colony met in a Continental Congress. War broke
out between Britain and the colonists. The
Second Continental Congress declared independence
from Britain and issued the Declaration of
Independence.
67The American Revolution in the East
4
68 A New Constitution
4
The new constitution reflected the Enlightenment
ideas of Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau.
- The framers of the Constitution saw government in
terms of a social contract. They provided for an
elective legislature and an elected president. - The Constitution created a federal republic, with
power divided between the federal government and
the states. - The federal government was separated among the
legislative, executive, and judicial branches.
Each branch was provided with checks and balances
on the other branches. - The Bill of Rights, the first 10 amendments to
the Constitution, recognized that people had
basic rights that the government must protect.
69France
70Causes and Effects of the French Revolution
4
Long-Term Causes
Immediate Causes
Huge government debt Poor harvests and rising
price of bread Failure of Louis XVI to accept
financial reforms Formation of National
Assembly Storming of Bastille
Corrupt, inconsistent, and insensitive
leadership Prosperous members of Third Estate
resent privileges of First and Second
estates Spread of Enlightenment ideas
Immediate Effects
Long-Term Effects
Napoleon gains power Napoleonic Code
established French public schools set up French
conquests spread nationalism Revolutions occur
in Europe and Latin America
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
adopted France adopts its first written
constitution Monarchy abolished Revolutionary
France fights coalition of European powers Reign
of Terror
71Haiti 1791
72HAITI 1791
- Haiti was the first republic in modern history
led by people of African descent. - It went directly from being a French colony to
governing itself. - The pattern established under colonial rule had
powerful and long-lasting effects, though, having
established a model of minority rule over the
illiterate poor using violence and threats. - Colonialism and slavery were outlived by the
racial prejudice that they had contributed to
the new post-rebellion racial elite (referred to
as mulattoes) had African ancestry, but many were
also of European ancestry as descendants of white
planters. - Some had received educations, served in the
military, and accumulated land and wealth.
73RESULTS
- The Haitian Revolution was influential in slave
rebellions in America and British colonies. - The loss of a major source of western revenue
shook Napoleon's faith in the promise of the
western world, encouraging him to unload other
French assets in the region including the
territory known as Louisiana. - In the early 1800s, many refugees, including free
people of color and white planters, of whom some
in both categories had owned slaves, settled in
New Orleans, adding many new members to both its
French-speaking mixed-race population and African
population. - In 1807 Britain became the first major power to
permanently abolish the slave trade. - The Haitian Revolution stood as a model for
achieving emancipation for slaves in the United
States who attempted to mimic Toussaint
Louverture's actions. Louverture remains a hero
to this day.
74Latin America 1808-1825
75- The Hispanic American wars of independence refer
to the numerous wars against Spanish rule in
Hispanic America that took place during the early
19th century, from 1808 until 1829 and resulted
in the creation of a chain of newly independent
countries stretching from Argentina and Chile in
the south to Mexico in the north.
76c. Explain Napoleons rise to power, and his
defeat and explain the consequences forEurope.
77The Rise of Napoleon
4
1769 Born on island of Corsica 1793 Helps
capture Toulon from British promoted to
brigadier general 1795 Crushes rebels
opposed to the National Convention 17961797 Beco
mes commander in chief of the army of Italy wins
victories against Austria 17981799 Loses to
the British in Egypt and Syria 1799 Overthrows
Directory and becomes First Consul of
France 1804 Crowns himself emperor of France
78France Under Napoleon
4
- Napoleon consolidated his power by strengthening
the central government. Order, security, and
efficiency replaced liberty, equality, and
fraternity as the slogans of the new regime. - Napoleon instituted a number of reforms to
restore economic prosperity. - Napoleon developed a new law code, the Napoleonic
Code, which embodied Enlightenment principles.
79- Napoleon undid some of the reforms of the French
Revolution - Women lost most of their newly gained rights.
- Male heads of household regained complete
authority over their wives and children.
80Building an Empire
4
- As Napoleon created a vast French empire, he
redrew the map of Europe. - He annexed, or added outright, some areas to
France. - He abolished the Holy Roman Empire.
- He cut Prussia in half.
81- Napoleon controlled much of Europe through
forceful diplomacy. - He put friends and relatives on the thrones of
Europe. - He forced alliances on many European powers.
- Britain alone remained outside Napoleons empire.
82Napoleons Power in Europe, 1812
4
83Challenges to Napoleons Empire
5
- The impact of nationalism
- Many Europeans who had welcomed the ideas of
the French Revolution nevertheless saw Napoleon
and his armies as foreign oppressors. - Resistance in Spain
- Napoleon had replaced the king of Spain with
his own brother, but many Spaniards remained
loyal to their former king. Spanish patriots
conducted a campaign of guerrilla warfare against
the French. - War with Austria
- Spanish resistance encouraged Austria to
resume hostilities against the French. - Defeat in Russia
- Nearly all of Napoleons 400,000 troops sent
on a campaign in Russia died, most from hunger
and the cold of the Russian winter.
84Downfall of Napoleon
5
1812Napoleons forces were defeated in
Russia. Russia, Britain, Austria, and Prussia
form a new alliance against a weakened
France. 1813Napoleon was defeated in the Battle
of Nations in Leipzig. 1814Napoleon abdicated,
or stepped down from power, and was exiled to
Elba, an island in the Mediterranean
Sea. 1815Napoleon escaped his exile and
returned to France. Combined British and
Prussian forces defeated Napoleon at
Waterloo. Napoleon was forced to abdicate again,
and was this time exiled to St. Helena, an island
in the South Atlantic. 1821Napoleon died in
exile.
.
85Legacy of Napoleon
5
- The Napoleonic Code consolidated many changes of
the revolution. - Napoleon turned France into a centralized state
with a constitution. - Elections were held with expanded, though
limited, suffrage. - Many more citizens had rights to property and
access to education. - French citizens lost many rights promised to them
during the Convention. - On the world stage, Napoleons conquests spread
the ideas of the revolution and nationalism.
86- Napoleon failed to make Europe into a French
empire. - The abolition of the Holy Roman Empire would
eventually contribute to the creation of a new
Germany. - Napoleons decision to sell Frances Louisiana
Territory to America doubled the size of the
United States and ushered in an age of American
expansion.
87What Were the Goals of the Congress of Vienna?
5
- The chief goal of the Congress was to create a
lasting peace by establishing a balance of power
and protecting the system of monarchy. - To achieve this goal, the peacemakers did the
following - They redrew the map of Europe. To contain
French ambition, they ringed France with strong
countries. - They promoted the principle of legitimacy,
restoring hereditary monarchies that the French
Revolution or Napoleon had unseated. - To protect the new order, Austria, Prussia,
Russia, and Great Britain extended their wartime
alliance into the postwar era.
88Europe After the Congress of Vienna, 1815
5
89- The Columbian Exchange was
- A) the first great banking and trading house in
South America. - B) the exchange of precious metals between the
old and new worlds. - C) the exchange of plants, animals, and diseases
between the old and new worlds. - D) the movement of the army of Simon Bolivar
across Gran Columbia, exchanging Spanish
prisoners for valuable weapons he would later use
to free most of Latin America.
90Correct Answer C
- The Columbian Exchange was the exchange of
plants, animals, people, and diseases between the
"old" and "new" worlds. This saw such things as
potatoes and tobacco introduced to Europe and
horses, coffee, and small pox introduced to the
"new world."
91- Which of these had the GREATEST impact on the
success of the Northern Renaissance? - A) funding from wealthy patrons
- B) approval of the Catholic Church
- C) the works of da Vinci and Michelangelo
- D) the discoveries resulting from Columbus voyage
92Correct Answer A
- The Northern Renaissance would not have been
possible without funding from wealthy patrons.
The artists, writers, and philosophers of the day
would not have had time to "do their thing" had
people with money not funded them.
93SSWH16. The student will demonstrate an
understanding of long-term causes of World War I
and its global impact. QCC standards WH19, WH21,
WH22
94a. Identify the causes of the war include Balkan
nationalism, entangling alliances, andmilitarism.
95Balkan Nationalism
4
- A complex web of competing interests contributed
to a series of crises and wars in the Balkans. - Serbia and Greece had won independence in the
early 1800s. However, there were still many
Serbs and Greeks living in the Balkans under
Ottoman rule. - The Ottoman empire was home to other national
groups, such as Bulgarians and Romanians. - During the 1800s, various subject people staged
revolts against the Ottomans, hoping to set up
their own independent states. - European powers stepped in to divide up Ottoman
lands, ignoring the nationalist goals of various
Balkan peoples.
96The Balkans, 1878
4
97Nationalism and International Rivalries
1
- Aggressive nationalism was one leading cause of
international tensions. - Nationalist feelings were strong in both Germany
and France. - In Eastern Europe, Pan-Slavism held that all
Slavic peoples shared a common nationality.
Russia felt that it had a duty to lead and defend
all Slavs.
98- Imperial rivalries divided European nations.
- In 1906 and again in 1911, competition for
colonies brought France and Germany to the brink
of war. - The 1800s saw a rise in militarism, the
glorification of the military. - The great powers expanded their armies and
navies, creating an arms race that further
increased suspicions and made war more likely.
99Causes and Effects of European Alliances
1
- Distrust led the great powers to sign treaties
pledging to defend one another. - These alliances were intended to create powerful
combinations that no one would dare attack. - The growth of rival alliance systems increased
international tensions.
100European Alliances, 1914
1
101b. Describe conditions on the war front for
soldiers.
102The Western Front
3
German forces swept through Belgium toward Paris.
Russia mobilized more quickly than expected.
Germany shifted some troops to the east to
confront Russia, weakening German forces in the
west.
British and French troops defeat Germany in the
Battle of the Marne. The battle of the Marne
pushed back the German offensive and destroyed
Germanys hopes for a quick victory on the
Western Front.
The result was a long, deadly stalemate, a
deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat
the other. Battle lines in France remained almost
unchanged for four years.
103Europe at War, 19141918
3
104World War I Technology
3
Modern weapons added greatly to the
destructiveness of the war.
Airplane
A one- or two-seat propeller plane was equipped
with a machine gun. At first the planes were used
mainly for observation. Later, flying aces
engaged in individual combat, though such
dogfights had little effect on the war.
Automatic machine gun
A mounted gun that fired a rapid, continuous
stream of bullets made it possible for a few
gunners to mow down waves of soldiers. This
helped create a stalemate by making it difficult
to advance across no mans land.
Submarine
These underwater ships, or U-boats, could launch
torpedoes, or guided underwater bombs. Used by
Germany to destroy Allied shipping, U-boat
attacks helped bring the United States into the
war.
105How Did the War Become a Global Conflict?
3
EASTERN EUROPE
SOUTHERN EUROPE
In 1915, Bulgaria joined the Central Powers and
helped crush Serbia.
In August 1914, Russian armies pushed into
eastern Germany. After Russia was defeated in
the battle of Tannenburg, armies in the east
fought on Russian soil.
OUTSIDE EUROPE
THE COLONIES
Japan, allied with Britain, tried to impose a
protectorate on China. The Ottoman empire joined
the Central Powers in 1914. Arab nationalists
revolted against Ottoman rule.
The Allies overran German colonies in Africa and
Asia. The great powers turned to their own
colonies for troops, laborers, and supplies.
106c. Explain the major decisions made in the
Versailles Treaty include German reparationsand
the mandate system that replaced Ottoman control.
107Campaign to Victory
4
In 1917, The United States declared war on
Germany.
By 1918, about two million American soldiers had
joined the Allies on the Western Front.
The Germans launched a huge offensive, pushing
the Allies back.
The Allies launched a counteroffensive, driving
German forces back across France and Germany.
Germany sought an armistice, or agreement to end
fighting, with the Allies. On November 11, 1918,
the war ended.
108Wilsons Fourteen Points
4
- President Woodrow Wilson issued the Fourteen
Points, a list of his terms for resolving World
War I and future wars. He called for - freedom of the seas
- free trade
- large-scale reductions of arms
- an end to secret treaties
- self-determination, or the right of people to
choose their own form of government, for Eastern
Europe - the creation of a general association of
nations to keep the peace in the future
109The Costs of War
5
- More than 8.5 million people died. Twice that
number had been wounded. - Famine threatened many regions.
- Across the European continent, homes, farms,
factories, roads, and churches had been shelled
to rubble. - People everywhere were shaken and disillusioned.
- Governments had collapsed in Russia, Germany,
Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman empire.
110Casualties of World War I
5
Deaths Wounded in Battle in
Battle Allies France 1,357,800 4,266,000 British
empire 908,371 2,090,212 Russia 1,700,000 4,95
0,000 Italy 462,391 953,886 United
States 50,585 205,690 Others 502,421 342,585 C
entral Powers Germany 1,808,546 4,247,143 Austri
a-Hungary 922,500 3,620,000 Ottoman
empire 325,000 400,000
111The Paris Peace Conference
5
- The delegates to the Paris Peace Conference faced
many difficult issues - The Allied leaders had different aims.
- The Italians insisted that the Allies honor
their secret agreement to gain Austria-Hungary.
Such secret agreements violated Wilsons
principle of self-determination. - Many people who had been ruled by Russia,
Austria-Hungary, or the Ottoman empire now
demanded national states of their own. The
territories claimed by these people often
overlapped, so it was impossible to satisfy
them all.
112The Treaty of Versailles
5
- The Treaty
- forced Germany to assume full blame for causing
the war. - imposed huge reparations upon Germany.
-
- The Treaty aimed at weakening Germany by
- limiting the size of the German military,
- returning Alsace and Lorraine to France,
- removing hundreds of miles of territory from
Germany, - stripping Germany of its overseas colonies.
- The Germans signed the treaty because they had no
choice. But German resentment of the Treaty of
Versailles would poison the international climate
for 20 years and lead to an even deadlier world
war.
113Europe in 1914 and 1920
5
114Europe in 1914 and 1920
5
115Summary World War I
116World War I Cause and Effect
5
Long-Term Causes
Immediate Causes
Imperialist and economic rivalries among European
powers European alliance system Militarism and
arms race Nationalist tensions in Balkans
Austria-Hungarys annexation of Bosnia and
Herzegovina Fighting in the Balkans Assassinatio
n of Archduke Francis Ferdinand German invasion
of Belgium
Immediate Effects
Long-Term Effects
Enormous cost in lives and money Russian
Revolution Creation of new nations in Eastern
Europe Requirement that Germany pay
reparations German loss of its overseas
colonies Balfour Declaration League of Nations
Economic impact of war debts on Europe Emergence
of United States and Japan as important
powers Growth of nationalism in colonies Rise
of fascism World War II
117d. Analyze the destabilization of Europe in the
collapse of the great empires include
theRomanov and Hapsburg dynasties.
118Hapsburgs
- Oldest ruling house in Europe
- Conservative government suppresses liberal
demands - Growing urban discontent
- Nationalist unrest in a multinational empire
- Military defeats led to growing demands from
liberals and nationalist - Arrangement of dual monarchy satisfied
Hungarians, angered other nationalist
119SSWH17. The student will be able to identify the
major political and economic factors that shaped
world societies between World War I and World War
II. QCC standards WH19, WH21, WH22
120b. Determine the causes and results of the
Russian Revolution from the rise of
theBolsheviks under Lenin to Stalins first Five
Year Plan.
121Why Did Revolution Occur in Russia in March 1917?
1
- Czars had made some reforms, but too few to ease
the nations tensions. - Much of the majority peasant population endured
stark poverty. - Revolutionaries worked to hatch radical plots.
- World War I was producing disasters on the
battlefield for the Russian army, and food and
fuel shortages on the home front. - Rasputins influence in domestic affairs weakened
confidence in the government.
122Why Did Lenin and the Bolsheviks Launch the
November Revolution?
1
- Lenin adapted Marxist ideas to fit Russian
conditions. He called for an elite group to lead
the revolution and set up a dictatorship of the
proletariat. - Conditions were ripe for Lenin and the Bolsheviks
to make their move - The provisional government continued the war
effort and failed to deal with land reform. - In the summer of 1917, the government launched
a disastrous offensive against Germany. - The army was in terrible shape and growing
numbers of troops mutinied. - Peasants seized land and drove off fearful
landlords.
123Russian Civil War
1
- How did the Communists defeat their opponents in
Russias civil war? - Lenin quickly made peace with Germany so that
the Communists could focus all their energy on
defeating enemies at home. - The Communists adopted a policy called war
communism. They took over banks, mines,
factories, and railroads, took control of
food produced by peasants, and drafted
peasant laborers into military or factory
work. - Trotsky turned the Red Army into an effective
fighting force. - When the Allies intervened to support the
Whites, the Communists appealed to
nationalism and urged Russians to drive out
the foreigners.
124Turning Points in Russia, 19141921
2
1914 August World War I begins. 1917 March
Revolution forces the czar to abdicate.
A provisional government is formed. April L
enin returns to Russia. July Russians
suffer more than 50,000 casualties in battle
against German and Austro-Hungarian
forces. November A second revolution
results in Bolshevik takeover of
government. December Bolshevik government
seeks peace with Germany. 1918 March Russi
a signs treaty of Brest-Litovsk, losing a large
amount of territory. July Civil war
between the Reds and Whites begins. The czar
and his family are executed. August British
, American, Japanese, and other foreign forces
intervene in Russia. 1921 March Communist
government is victorious. Only sporadic fighting
continues.
125The Communist State Under Lenin
2
- The Communists produced a new constitution that
- set up an elected legislature, later called the
Supreme Soviet - gave all citizens over 18 the right to vote
- placed all political power, resources, and means
of production in the hands of the workers and
peasants - The new government united much of the old Russian
empire in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
(USSR), or Soviet Union. - Lenin adopted the New Economic Policy, or NEP.
- It allowed some capitalist ventures.
- The state kept control of banks, foreign trade,
and large industries. Small businesses were
allowed to reopen for private profit.
126Soviet Union, 19171938
2
127Stalins Five-Year Plans
2
Once in power, Stalin set out to make the Soviet
Union a modern industrial power. He put into
place several five-year plans aimed at building
heavy industry, improving transportation, and
increasing farm output.
- Stalin brought all economic activity under
government control. The Soviet Union developed
a command economy, in which government officials
made all basic economic decisions. - Stalin also brought agriculture under government
control. He forced peasants to give up their
land and live on either state-owned farms or
collectives, large farms owned and operated by
peasants as a group. - Overall, standards of living remained poor.
Wages were low, and consumer goods were scarce.
128The Great Purge
2
Stalin harbored obsessive fears that rival party
leaders were plotting against him. In 1934, he
launched the Great Purge.
- At least four million people were purged during
the Stalin years. - The purges increased Stalins power.
- The victims of the purges included most of the
nations military leadership. This loss of
military leadership would weigh heavily on Stalin
in 1941, when Germany invaded the Soviet Union.
129Soviet Foreign Policy
2
- Between 1917 and 1939, the Soviet Union pursued
two very different goals in foreign policy. - As Communists, both Lenin and Stalin wanted to
bring about the worldwide revolution that Marx
had predicted. - Lenin formed the Communist International, or
Comintern, which aided revolutionary groups
around the world. - As Russians, they wanted to guarantee their
nations security by winning the support of other
countries. - The Soviet Union sought to join the League of
Nations. - The Cominterns propaganda against capitalism
made western powers highly suspicious of the
Soviet Union.
130c. Describe the rise of fascism in Europe and
Asia by comparing the policies of
BenitoMussolini in Italy, Adolf Hitler in
Germany, and Hirohito in Japan.
131What Is Fascism?
3
- In the 1920s and 1930s, fascism meant different
things in different countries. All forms of
fascism, however, shared some basic features - extreme nationalism
- glorification of action, violence, discipline,
and, above all, blind loyalty to the state - rejection of Enlightenment faith in reason and
the concepts of equality and liberty - rejection of democratic ideas
- pursuit of aggressive foreign expansion
- glorification of warfare as a necessary and
noble struggle for survival
132BenitoMussolini in Italy
133How Did Conditions in Italy Favor the Rise of
Mussolini?
3
- Italian nationalists were outraged by the Paris
peace treaties. - Inspired by the revolution in Russia, Italian
peasants seized land, and workers went on strike
or seized factories. - Returning veterans faced unemployment.
- Trade declined and taxes rose.
- The government was split into feuding factions
and seemed powerless to end the crisis.
134Mussolinis Italy
3
SOCIAL POLICIES
POLITICAL STRUCTURE
ECONOMIC POLICY
The individual was unimportant except as a member
of the state. Men were urged to be ruthless
warriors. Women were called on to produce more
children. Fascist youth groups toughened
children and taught them to obey strict military
discipline.
Mussolini brought the economy under state
control. Unlike socialists, Mussolini preserved
capitalism. Workers received poor wages and
were forbidden to strike.
By 1925, Mussolini had assumed the title Il Duce,
The Leader. In theory, Italy remained a
parliamentary monarchy. In fact, it became a
dictatorship upheld by terror. The Fascists
relied on secret police and propaganda.
135Adolf Hitler in Germany
136The Weimar Republic
4
In 1919, German leaders set up a democratic
government known as the Weimar Republic. The
republic faced severe problems from the start.
- The government was weak because Germany had many
small parties. - The government came under constant fire from both
the left and the right. - Germans of all classes blamed the Weimar Republic
for the hated Versailles treaty. - When Germany fell behind in reparations payments,
France occupied the coal-rich Ruhr Valley. - Runaway inflation spread misery and despair.
137Adolf Hitlers Rise to Power
4
Hitler fought in the German army in World War
I. In 1919, he joined a small group of
right-wing extremists. Within a year, he was the
leader of the National Socialist German Workers,
or Nazi, party. In 1923, he made a failed
attempt to seize power in Munich. He was
imprisoned for treason. In prison, Hitler wrote
Mein Kampf (My Struggle). It would later
become the basic book of Nazi goals and ideology.
Nazi membership grew to almost a million. In
1933, Hitler was made chancellor of
Germany. Within a year, Hitler was master of
Germany. He made Germany a one-party state and
purged his own party.
138The Third Reich
4
ECONOMIC POLICIES
POLITICAL POLICIES
Hitler launched a large public works
program. Hitler began to rearm Germany, in
violation of the Versailles treaty.
Hitler repudiated, or rejected, the hated Treaty
of Versailles. Hitler organized a system of
terror, repression, and totalitarian rule.
SOCIAL POLICIES
CULTURAL POLICIES
School courses and textbooks were written to
reflect Nazi racial views. The Nazis sought to
purge, or purify, German culture. Hitler sought
to replace religion with his racial creed.
The Nazis indoctrinated young people with their
ideology. Hitler spread his message of racism.
The Nazis sought to limit womens roles.
139Hitlers Campaign Against the Jews
4
Hitler set out to drive Jews from Germany. In
1935, the Nuremberg Laws placed severe
restrictions on Jews. Many German Jews fled
Germany and sought refuge in other countries. In
1938, Nazi-led mobs attacked Jewish communities
all over Germany in what came to be called
Kristallnacht, or the Night of Broken
Glass. Hitler sent tens of thousands of Jews to
concentration camps, detention centers for
civilians considered enemies of the
state. Hitler planned the final solutionthe
extermination of all Jews.
140Hirohito Japan
141- The Army and the Navy are in command, that
militarism is lauded to the skies, that
dangerous thought is suppressed, that there is
persecution of Socialists and Communists and that
the political parties have little power. - They refer to the assassination of Cabinet
Ministers by groups of Young Officers in whom
they see the nucleus of a coming Fascist regime.
142e. Describe the nature of totalitarianism and the
police state that existed in Russia,Germany, and
Italy and how they differ from authoritarian
governments.
143RUSSIA
144A Totalitarian State
3
- Stalin turned the Soviet Union into a
totalitarian state. In this form of government, a
one-party dictatorship attempts to regulate every
aspect of the lives of its citizens. - To ensure obedience, Stalin used secret police,
censorship, violent purges, and terror. - The party bombarded the public with relentless
propaganda. - The Communists replaced religion with their own
ideology.
145Changes in Soviet Society
3
- The Communists transformed Russian life.
- They created a society where a few elite groups
emerged as a new ruling class. - The state provided free education, free medical
care, day care for children, inexpensive housing,
and public recreation. - Women were granted equality under the law.
146State Control and the Arts
3
- Stalin forced artists and writers to conform to a
style called socialist realism. Its goal was to
boost socialism by showing Soviet life in a
positive light. - Government controlled what books were published,
what music was heard, and which works of art were
displayed. - Writers, artists, and composers faced government
persecution.
147f. Explain the aggression and conflict leading to
World War II in Europe and Asia.
148How Did Dictators Challenge World Peace?
1
- Throughout the 1930s, dictators took aggressive
action but met only verbal protests and pleas for
peace from the democracies. - Mussolini and Hitler viewed that desire for peace
as weakness and responded with new acts of
aggression.
Hitler built up the German military in defiance
of the Versailles treaty. Then, in 1936, he
sent troops into the demilitarized Rhineland
bordering France another treaty violation.
In 1935, Mussolini invaded Ethiopia. The League
of Nations voted sanctions, or penalties, but had
no power to enforce the sanctions.
149Test Taking Tip 4
- Try to stay awake- Rememeber that this is a timed
test. There will be time afterwards to sleep.
Get a good nights sleep the night before, and be
refreshed for the morning exam.
150- The period of European history that began at the
close of the Middle Ages and was characterized by
a cultural revival is known as the - A) Reformation.
- B) Renaissance.
- C) Baroque Period.
- D) Classical Period.
151Correct Answer B
- The Renaissance was the period in Europe that was
characterized by a radical development in the
arts, medicine, politics, and sciences. An
intense development of art and literature is
associated with this time.
152- According to the Treaty of Versailles, what
country was expected to pay for the damages in
World War I? - A) Austria-Hungary
- B) France
- C) Germany
- D) Russia
153Correct Answer C
- Germany was blamed for the war and all the
damage. In the long run, this led to massive
resentment by the German people and was a major
cause of World War II.
154The Spanish Civil War
1
- Although the Spanish Civil War was a local
struggle, it drew other European powers into the
fighting. - Hitler and Mussolini sent arms and forces to
help Franco. - Volunteers from Germany, Italy, the Soviet
Union, and the western democracies joined the
International Brigade and fought alongside the
Loyalists against fascism. - By 1939, Franco had triumphed. Once in power, he
created a fascist dictatorship like those of
Hitler and Mussolini.
155German Aggression
1
In 1938, Hitler used force to unite Austria and
Germany in the Anschluss. The western democracies
took no action. Hitler annexed the Sudetenland,
a region in western Czechoslovakia. At the
Munich Conference, British and French leaders
again chose appeasement. In 1939, Hitler
claimed the rest of Czechoslovakia. The
democracies realized that appeasement had failed.
They promised to protect Poland, most likely
Hitlers next target. Hitler formed a
Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact with
Stalin. German forces invaded Poland. Britain
and France immediately declared war on Germany.
156Aggression in Europe to 1939
1
157Why War Came
1
- Historians see the war as an effort to revise the
1919 peace settlement. The Versailles treaty had
divided the world into two camps. - The western democracies might have been able to
stop Hitler. Unwilling to risk war, however, they
adopted a policy of appeasement, giving in to the
demands of an aggressor in hope of keeping the
peace.
158SSWH18. The student will demonstrate an
understanding of the global political,economic,
and social impact of World War II. QCC standards
WH21, WH22, WH25
159a. Describe the major conflicts and outcomes
include Pearl Harbor and D-Day.
160Early Axis Gains
2
By 1941, the Axis powers or their allies
controlled most of Western Europe.
Germany and Russia conquered and divided
Poland. Stalins armies pushed into Estonia,
Latvia, and Lithuania. Soviet forces seized
Finland. Hitler conquered Norway and Denmark.
Hitler took the Netherlands and
Belgium. France surrendered to Hitler. Axis
armies pushed into North Africa and the
Balkans. Axis armies defeated Greece and
Yugoslavia. Bulgaria and Hungary joined the Axis
alliance.
161The Battle of Britain and Operation Barbarossa
2
THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN
OPERATION BARBAROSSA
- In 1941, Hitler embarked on Operation Barbarossa,
the conquest of the Soviet Union. - The Nazis smashed deep into Russia, but were
stalled before they could take Moscow and
Leningrad. - Thousands of German soldiers froze to death in
Russias winter. - Russians also suffered appalling hardships.
- Stalin urged Britain to open a second front in
Western Europe.
- In 1940, Hitler ordered Operation Sea Lion, the
invasion of Britain. -
- The Germans first bombed military targets, then
changed tactics to the blitz, or bombing, of
London and other cities. - London did not break under the blitz. The bombing
only strengthened British resolve to turn back
the enemy. - Operation Sea Lion was a failure.
162G