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Title: Urban Planning and environmental Management ppt


1
Urban Planning Environmental Governance 56th
Senior Staff Course BPATC, Savar,
Dhaka. Paper prepared by Md. Shamsul
Arefin Director General ( Designate) Rural
Development Academy, Bogra, Bangladesh Dated
03-08-2011
2
Definition of Urban Planning
  • Urban Planning" means the scientific, aesthetic,
    and orderly disposition of land, resources,
    facilities and services with a view to securing
    the physical, economic and social efficiency,
    health and well-being of urban communities.
  • The goal of urban planning is to ensure welfare
    of the people and their communities by creating
    convenient, equitable, healthful, efficient, and
    attractive environments for present and future
    generations. (Agenda 21)

3
Scope of Urban Planning
  • Deals with the future of a city.
  • Manages urban growth
  • Considerations the physical, social and economic
    aspects of communities and examine the
    connections among them.
  • Highly collaborative process Working with local
    residents, politicians, and special groups.
  • Much of planning is functional.

4
What do planners do?
  • Planners formulate plans to meet the social,
    economic, and physical needs of communities, and
    they develop the strategies to make these plans
    work, such as
  • Land use patterns
  • Housing needs
  • Parks and recreation
  • Roads and transportation systems,
  • Economic development strategies

5
Planning Process
  • Land use and its organization is an important
    function in the planning process
  • Why your city is different from other cities in
    terms of layout , size and scenic beauty
  • Historical factors
  • Economic factors
  • Geographical factors
  • Political factors
  • Other considerations

6
The planning profession deals with urbanization
issues, such as
  • conversion of land from natural habitats to urban
    built areas,
  • maintenance and use of natural resources and
    habitats,
  • development of transportation related
    infrastructure,
  • environmental protection.

7
Planners not only deal with land use, but also
  • Planning social and community services,
  • Managing cultural and heritage resources,
  • Creating economic capacity in local communities,
  • Addressing transportation and infrastructure
    issues,
  • Planners must feel comfortable interpreting
    population statistics, economic and social data,
    geographical information, resource inventories
    and environmental indicators and have a genuine
    interest in geography and environment.

8
Urban Planning people
  • recommend policy and guidelines on land use,
    environmental conservation, housing, and
    transportation
  • do research and prepare reports on demographic,
    economic, cultural, social and environmental
    issues
  • review proposals for development to ensure that
    they follow regulations and generally accepted
    planning practice
  • prepare plans for developing private lands,
    providing public spaces and services and
    maintaining and improving the environment
  • answer questions from the public on planning
    policies and procedures
  • speak before public meetings or formal hearings
  • consult with landowners, interest groups and
    citizens.

9
  • Pillars Urban Planning Environment
  • Urban planning integrates land use planning and
    transportation planning to improve economic and
    social environments of cities.
  • Urban planner cares for environment
  • Urban Planners appreciate physical planning
  • Urban planners acknowledges concepts of
    sustainable development

10
  • Urban Policy Initiatives
  • The National Report on Human Settlements
    submitted to the UN Habitat I conference held at
    Vancouver in Canada in 1976 came close to a
    policy statement on human settlements and
    urbanization.
  • Besides this, the various five year plan
    documents prepared between 1973 and 1998 also
    indicated urban policy directions.
  • The National Habitat Report had recommended
    that various planning regions were to be
    identified and in each region one medium-sized
    town would be chosen as focal point of regional
    growth.
  • The National Housing Policy 1993,
  • The Bangladesh Urban and Shelter Sector Review
    (1993),

11
Why Do We Need Urban Planning?
  • A city government usually includes sectoral
    approaches that manage individual sectors such
    as
  • Transport
  • Water and sewer
  • Land
  • Housing, etc.
  • Waste Management
  • Pollution control
  • Good sectoral management is indispensable but it
    is not enough!

12
Urban Planning Work Across Sectors
  • By contrast with sector managers, Urban Planners
    work across sectors
  • For this reason their contribution to the
    efficiency of a city is unique

13
Urban Planning
  • Physician Benjamin Ward Richardson wrote Hygeia,
    City of Health (1876) envisioning
  • air pollution control
  • water purification
  • sewage handling
  • public transport
  • public health
  • Waste management

14
Father of City Planning The Greek Hippodamus (c.
407 BC) has been known as the "Father of City
Planning" for his design of Miletus Alexander
commissioned him to lay out his new city of
Alexandria, the grandest example of idealized
urban planning of the ancient Mediterranean
world.
15
Olmsteds Park Design Principles
  • SCENERY design spaces in which movement creates
    constant opening up of new views and obscurity
    of detail further away
  • SUITABILITY respect the natural scenery and
    topography of the site
  • STYLE
  • Pastoral open greensward with small bodies of
    water and scattered trees and groves create a
    soothing, restorative atmosphere
  • Picturesque profuse planting, especially with
    shrubs, creepers and ground cover, on steep and
    broken terrain create a sense of the richness and
    bounteousness of nature, produce a sense of
    mystery with light and shade
  • Art to conceal Art
  • SEPARATION
  • of areas designed in different styles
  • of ways, in order to ensure safety
  • SANITATION promote both the physical and mental
    health of users

Source National Association of Olmsted Parks
http//www.olmsted.org/pages/philosophy.htm
16
Settlement House Movement
  • Jane Addams founded Hull House (Chicago) 1889
  • Housing settlement must care for harmonious
    society

17
Garden Cities (a British innovation)
  • Ebenezer Howard Garden Cities of Tomorrow (1902)
  • three magnets
  • town (high wages, opportunity, and amusement)
  • country (natural beauty, low rents, fresh air)
  • town-country (combination of both)

18
Ebenezer Howard
  • USA 1850-1928
  • Opposed urban crowding/density
  • He wanted a city of village
  • Priority Area of urban policy
  • Water and sanitation
  • Energy
  • Health
  • Biodiversity protection and ecosystem management

19
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20
Best Practice
21
Best practices of urban Planning
  • Water quality and sanitation is ensured
  • Most people have adequate light and air
  • Fire danger is controlled
  • Disease is controlled
  • Security is protected
  • Urban growth continues to create healthy and
    humanizing environments

22
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23
Singapore
24
  • Why Urban Planning is necessary
  • Extreme pressure on housing, growth of slums
    and the pressure on urban services.
  • Economic Leading to income inequality and
    poverty
  • Social resulting in increased violence and
    crime, social degradation.
  • Cultural entry of alien culture, loss of
    national cultural identity.
  • Political Heavy unrest of citizens
  • Environmental water and air pollution, high
    level of noise pollution and degradation of land,
    uncollected garbage adds public health hazards,
    massive traffic congestions have become regular
    features, deforestation, cutting down of hills,
    encroachment and filling of water bodies

25
Emerging Issues at City Environmental crisis,
pollution, inadequate solid waste management
Poor transportation system and traffic
congestion Pressure on land, housing, growth of
slums and squatter settlements Pressure on all
services (health, education, recreation, water,
sanitation, electricity, fuel etc) Low
productivity and system loss Inequality and
poverty Insecurity Lawlessness, violence and
crime
26
  • Urban Planning Encourages
  • Growth of secondary cities and small towns.
  • Attention to allocation of land for housing of
    all income categories, particularly the
    low-income groups, and to space for economic
    activities for the poor.
  • Adoption of a transportation system that would
    be efficient, affordable and environment
    friendly, (these may imply reducing dependence on
    private cars, cycle rickshaws and auto rickshaws
    non-mass public transport).
  • Protection of cities from floods and other
    natural hazards, water logging.
  • Control of environmental pollution, such as
    pollution of air, water and land.

27
  • Urban Planning Encourages
  • Higher efficiency of urban centres by
    introducing better management and participatory
    governance.
  • Control of Traffic congestion.
  • Pure drinking water and sanitation system
  • Making provision of public park and garden
  • Implementation of a comprehensive urban policy
    and improvement of environmental management
  • Sustainable development

28
Environmental Management
  • Environmental Management is simply a set of
    procedures to reduce environmental footprint in
    our day-to-day activities.
  • An EM is the combination of people, policies,
    procedures and plans to address environmental
    issues.

29
The Continuous Cycle of Environmental Management
  • PlanPlanning, identifying environmental aspects
    and establishing goals
  • DoImplementing, includes training and
    operational controls
  • CheckChecking, includes monitoring and
    corrective action
  • ActReviewing, includes progress reviews and
    acting to make needed changes

30
Environment Management Cycle
Environmental Policy
Management Review
Continuous Improvement
  • Checking/
  • Corrective Actions
  • Measurement and Monitoring
  • Corrective Actions
  • Planning
  • Environmental Aspects
  • Compliance
  • Objectives and Targets
  • Environmental Mgmt. Programs
  • Implementation
  • Roles and Responsibilities
  • Training and Communication

31
Governance Issues of Urban Planning Environment
  • Compliance with Regulations
  • Reduction of Waste Hazard
  • Reduction of Energy Consumption
  • Recycling of waste
  • Green clean city
  • Pollution Prevention
  • Reduce Traffic congestion
  • Create Drainage facilities

32
Governance Issues of Urban Planning Environment
  • Clean production technologies
  • Developing more efficient energy technologies
  • Maintain urban air quality and reduce greenhouse
    gas emissions
  • Sound management of Road and traffic

33
Protecting the Natural Resource Base
  • Prevent water pollution to reduce health hazards
    and protect ecosystems
  • Watershed and groundwater management
  • Support water recycling
  • Ensure the sustainable development of
    environmental protection

34
Water and Sanitation
  • Water is not only the most basic of needs but
    is also at the center of sustainable
    development.
  • Around 1.2 billion people still have no access to
    clean drinking water
  • Around 2.4 billion people do not have adequate
    sanitation.

35
Water and Sanitation
  • Some key issues
  • Prevent water pollution to reduce health hazards
  • Protect ecosystems
  • Introduce technologies for affordable sanitation,
    industrial and domestic wastewater treatment
  • River basin and groundwater management
  • Support water recycling

36
Energy
  • Some 2 billion people lack access to
    electricity and rely on traditional fuel sources
    such as firewood, kerosene, or biomass for their
    cooking and heating lighting.

37
  • Urban Planning Environmental management
    respects Biodiversity
  • Biodiversity - is a term we use to describe the
    variety of life on Earth.
  • It refers to the wide variety of ecosystems and
    living organisms like animals, plants, their
    habitats and their genes.
  • Managing environment means showing honor to
    biodiversity

38
  • Urban Planning respects Ecology
  • The word "ecology" ("Ökologie") was used first
    in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel
    (18341919).
  • Ecology is the interdisciplinary scientific
    study of the distribution and abundance of
    organisms and their interactions with their
    environment
  • Ecology is a sub-discipline of biology, the
    study of life. An observations on the natural
    history of plants and animals.
  • Ecology is not synonymous with environment. It
    is closely related to physiology, evolutionary
    biology, genetics.
  • Urban Planning respects Ecosystems ie every
    life-supporting function on the planet, including
    climate regulation.

39
The Greenhouse Effect Environment
A T M O S P H
E R E
S U N
G R E E N H O U S E G A S E S
40
  • Urban Policy GHG
  • Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere are
    called greenhouse gases
  • Greenhouse gases are those that can absorb and
    emit infrared radiation.
  • In order, the most abundant greenhouse gases in
    Earth's atmosphere are
  • Water vapor
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Methane
  • Nitrous oxide

41
  • Emission of GHGs in Bangladesh
  • GHG emission is low and negligible
  • Per capita GHG emission is 230 kg only
  • Sectoral consumption of electricity
  • Industries (46)
  • Residential (45)
  • Commercial (7)
  • Others (2)
  • Large part of GHG is coming from electricity
    generation and transport sector
  • Landfills also generate GHG
  • Source "Special Report on Emissions Scenarios
    (Data) IPCC SRES Emissions Scenarios - Version
    1.1 (July, 2000)"

42
Source "Special Report on Emissions Scenarios
(Data) IPCC SRES Emissions Scenarios - Version
1.1 (July, 2000)"
43
Global Warming
The burning of fossil fuels, land use change and
other industrial activities have increased the
GHGs in the atmosphere that are liable for Global
Warming. Cities are more vulnerable due to global
warming.
44
  • Spread of dengue and other diseases
  • Heavy rains severe draughts
  • Floods, storms, hurricanes
  • Changed rainfall patterns
  • Warming and aridity
  • Loss of biodiversity

45
Global primary energy consumption in 2006
15.8 TW 15.8 x 1012 W
Global population in 2006 6.56 billion
Global energy consumption per person in 2006
15.8 x 1012 W 6.56 x 109
2.4 kW

Source International Energy Annual 2006 (posted
Dec 19, 2008) http//www.eia.doe.gov/iea/
46
Energy Options Fossil fuels (coal, oil and
natural gas) Hydropower Nuclear energy Solar
energy Wind energy Geothermal energy Ocean (wave,
tidal and ocean thermal) energy Biomass
energy Biofuels (bioethanol or biodiesel) energy
47
Fuels
Source BP Statistical Review of World Energy
June 2008
48
Nuclear fission energy is the best CO2
emissions-free energy source so far.
IAEA2000
49
EF is 1.3 times the bio capacity in 2005. That
is to say we need 1.3 planets to provide the
resources we use and absorb our waste. This
means, in 2005, it took the Earth one year and
four months to regenerate what we use in a year.
Source http//www.footprintnetwork.org
50
EF will be 2 times the bio capacity by the mid
2030 if current population and consumption trends
continue according to moderate UN scenarios. It
means by the mid 2030s we will need the
equivalent of 2 Earths to support us.
Source http//www.footprintnetwork.org
51
Ecological Footprint (EF)
  • EF measures how much land and water area
  • a human population requires to produce the
  • resource it consumes and to absorb its wastes,
  • using prevailing technology.
  • EF does not include an economic indicator.

Sustainable global EF per capita Total
Bio capacity per capita
Source http//www.footprintnetwork.org
52
Biocapacity
Biocapacity is shorthand for biological capacity,
which is the ability of an ecosystem to produce
useful biological materials and to absorb wastes
generated by humans.
Source http//www.footprintnetwork.org
53
For the World
Before 1986, the world consumed resources and
produced CO2 at a rate consistent with what the
planet could produce and reabsorb.
Source http//www.footprintnetwork.org
54
Urban Environment degradation
Labour
Energy ted
Raw material
Capital
Industry
Products
Unlimited Environmental degradation
Unlimited
Unlimited Waste material
Unlimited
55
Forest industry waste
Most "wood" companies only handle one type of
wood and burn the rest.
These burn piles are 15 to 20 ft high.
56
Factory waste
More than 500 factories (mostly textiles) line
the banks of the 200-mile Citarum river, near the
Indonesian capital of Jakarta.
Source http//rekkerd.org/citarum-river-a-shockin
g-display-of-abuse/
57
Computer industry waste
Source http//www.greenpeace.org/international/ph
otosvideos/photos/ close-up-of-a-huge-pile-of-com
58
Boat playing on a city road
59
Water logging in Dhaka city road
60
Solar System in the City
61
Electric Rail
62
PRT System
63
Conclusion
  • Planning is not just the layout of buildings
  • Planning should involve people in the process
  • Look at the different opportunities for the city
  • Balance among competing interests
  • Urban Planning is comprehensive economic,
    social, environmental design
  • Improved conditions for peoples lives
  • Manage scarce resources

64
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
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