Urban Planning & Environmental Governance ppt

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Urban Planning Environmental Governance 56th
Senior Staff Course BPATC Savar
Dhaka. Paper prepared by Md. Shamsul
Arefin Director General ( Designate) Rural
Development Academy Bogra Dated 03-08-2011
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Definition of Urban Planning

• Urban Planning means the scientific aesthetic
  and orderly disposition of land resources
  facilities and services with a view to securing
  the physical economic and social efficiency
  health and well-being of urban communities.
• The goal of urban planning is to ensure welfare
  of the people and their communities by creating
  convenient equitable healthful efficient and
  attractive environments for present and future
  generations. (Agenda 21)

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Scope of Urban Planning

• Deals with the future of a city.
• Manages urban growth
• Considerations the physical social and economic
  aspects of communities and examine the
  connections among them.
• Highly collaborative process Working with local
  residents politicians and special groups.
• Much of planning is functional.

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What do planners do

• Planners formulate plans to meet the social
  economic and physical needs of communities and
  they develop the strategies to make these plans
  work such as
• Land use patterns
• Housing needs
• Parks and recreation
• Roads and transportation systems
• Economic development strategies

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Planning Process

• Land use and its organization is an important
  function in the planning process
• Why your city is different from other cities in
  terms of layout size and scenic beauty
• Historical factors
• Economic factors
• Geographical factors
• Political factors
• Other considerations

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The planning profession deals with urbanization
issues such as

• conversion of land from natural habitats to urban
  built areas
• maintenance and use of natural resources and
  habitats
• development of transportation related
  infrastructure
• environmental protection.

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Planners not only deal with land use but also

• Planning social and community services
• Managing cultural and heritage resources
• Creating economic capacity in local communities
• Addressing transportation and infrastructure
  issues
• Planners must feel comfortable interpreting
  population statistics economic and social data
  geographical information resource inventories
  and environmental indicators and have a genuine
  interest in geography and environment.

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Urban Planning people

• recommend policy and guidelines on land use
  environmental conservation housing and
  transportation
• do research and prepare reports on demographic
  economic cultural social and environmental
  issues
• review proposals for development to ensure that
  they follow regulations and generally accepted
  planning practice
• prepare plans for developing private lands
  providing public spaces and services and
  maintaining and improving the environment
• answer questions from the public on planning
  policies and procedures
• speak before public meetings or formal hearings
• consult with landowners interest groups and
  citizens.

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• Pillars Urban Planning Environment
• Urban planning integrates land use planning and
  transportation planning to improve economic and
  social environments of cities.
• Urban planner cares for environment
• Urban Planners appreciate physical planning
• Urban planners acknowledges concepts of
  sustainable development

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• Urban Policy Initiatives
• The National Report on Human Settlements
  submitted to the UN Habitat I conference held at
  Vancouver in Canada in 1976 came close to a
  policy statement on human settlements and
  urbanization.
• Besides this the various five year plan
  documents prepared between 1973 and 1998 also
  indicated urban policy directions.
• The National Habitat Report had recommended
  that various planning regions were to be
  identified and in each region one medium-sized
  town would be chosen as focal point of regional
  growth.
• The National Housing Policy 1993
• The Bangladesh Urban and Shelter Sector Review
  (1993)

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Why Do We Need Urban Planning

• A city government usually includes sectoral
  approaches that manage individual sectors such
  as
• Transport
• Water and sewer
• Land
• Housing etc.
• Waste Management
• Pollution control
• Good sectoral management is indispensable but it
  is not enough!

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Urban Planning Work Across Sectors

• By contrast with sector managers Urban Planners
  work across sectors
• For this reason their contribution to the
  efficiency of a city is unique

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Urban Planning

• Physician Benjamin Ward Richardson wrote Hygeia
  City of Health (1876) envisioning
• air pollution control
• water purification
• sewage handling
• public transport
• public health
• Waste management

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Father of City Planning The Greek Hippodamus (c.
407 BC) has been known as the Father of City
Planning for his design of Miletus Alexander
commissioned him to lay out his new city of
Alexandria the grandest example of idealized
urban planning of the ancient Mediterranean
world.
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Olmsteds Park Design Principles

• SCENERY design spaces in which movement creates
  constant opening up of new views and obscurity
  of detail further away
• SUITABILITY respect the natural scenery and
  topography of the site
• STYLE
• Pastoral open greensward with small bodies of
  water and scattered trees and groves create a
  soothing restorative atmosphere
• Picturesque profuse planting especially with
  shrubs creepers and ground cover on steep and
  broken terrain create a sense of the richness and
  bounteousness of nature produce a sense of
  mystery with light and shade
• Art to conceal Art
• SEPARATION
• of areas designed in different styles
• of ways in order to ensure safety
• SANITATION promote both the physical and mental
  health of users

Source National Association of Olmsted Parks
http//www.olmsted.org/pages/philosophy.htm
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Settlement House Movement

• Jane Addams founded Hull House (Chicago) 1889
• Housing settlement must care for harmonious
  society

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Garden Cities (a British innovation)

• Ebenezer Howard Garden Cities of Tomorrow (1902)
• three magnets
• town (high wages opportunity and amusement)
• country (natural beauty low rents fresh air)
• town-country (combination of both)

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Ebenezer Howard

• USA 1850-1928
• Opposed urban crowding/density
• He wanted a city of village
• Priority Area of urban policy
• Water and sanitation
• Energy
• Health
• Biodiversity protection and ecosystem management

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Best Practice
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Best practices of urban Planning

• Water quality and sanitation is ensured
• Most people have adequate light and air
• Fire danger is controlled
• Disease is controlled
• Security is protected
• Urban growth continues to create healthy and
  humanizing environments

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Singapore
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• Why Urban Planning is necessary
• Extreme pressure on housing growth of slums
  and the pressure on urban services.
• Economic Leading to income inequality and
  poverty
• Social resulting in increased violence and
  crime social degradation.
• Cultural entry of alien culture loss of
  national cultural identity.
• Political Heavy unrest of citizens
• Environmental water and air pollution high
  level of noise pollution and degradation of land
  uncollected garbage adds public health hazards
  massive traffic congestions have become regular
  features deforestation cutting down of hills
  encroachment and filling of water bodies

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Emerging Issues at City Environmental crisis
pollution inadequate solid waste management
Poor transportation system and traffic
congestion Pressure on land housing growth of
slums and squatter settlements Pressure on all
services (health education recreation water
sanitation electricity fuel etc) Low
productivity and system loss Inequality and
poverty Insecurity Lawlessness violence and
crime
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• Urban Planning Encourages
• Growth of secondary cities and small towns.
• Attention to allocation of land for housing of
  all income categories particularly the
  low-income groups and to space for economic
  activities for the poor.
• Adoption of a transportation system that would
  be efficient affordable and environment
  friendly (these may imply reducing dependence on
  private cars cycle rickshaws and auto rickshaws
  non-mass public transport).
• Protection of cities from floods and other
  natural hazards water logging.
• Control of environmental pollution such as
  pollution of air water and land.

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• Urban Planning Encourages
• Higher efficiency of urban centres by
  introducing better management and participatory
  governance.
• Control of Traffic congestion.
• Pure drinking water and sanitation system
• Making provision of public park and garden
• Implementation of a comprehensive urban policy
  and improvement of environmental management
• Sustainable development

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Environmental Management

• Environmental Management is simply a set of
  procedures to reduce environmental footprint in
  our day-to-day activities.
• An EM is the combination of people policies
  procedures and plans to address environmental
  issues.

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The Continuous Cycle of Environmental Management

• PlanPlanning identifying environmental aspects
  and establishing goals
• DoImplementing includes training and
  operational controls
• CheckChecking includes monitoring and
  corrective action
• ActReviewing includes progress reviews and
  acting to make needed changes

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Environment Management Cycle
Environmental Policy
Management Review
Continuous Improvement

• Checking/
• Corrective Actions
• Measurement and Monitoring
• Corrective Actions

• Planning
• Environmental Aspects
• Compliance
• Objectives and Targets
• Environmental Mgmt. Programs

• Implementation
• Roles and Responsibilities
• Training and Communication

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Governance Issues of Urban Planning Environment

• Compliance with Regulations
• Reduction of Waste Hazard
• Reduction of Energy Consumption
• Recycling of waste
• Green clean city
• Pollution Prevention
• Reduce Traffic congestion
• Create Drainage facilities

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Governance Issues of Urban Planning Environment

• Clean production technologies
• Developing more efficient energy technologies
• Maintain urban air quality and reduce greenhouse
  gas emissions
• Sound management of Road and traffic

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Protecting the Natural Resource Base

• Prevent water pollution to reduce health hazards
  and protect ecosystems
• Watershed and groundwater management
• Support water recycling
• Ensure the sustainable development of
  environmental protection

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Water and Sanitation

• Water is not only the most basic of needs but
  is also at the center of sustainable
  development.
• Around 1.2 billion people still have no access to
  clean drinking water
• Around 2.4 billion people do not have adequate
  sanitation.

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Water and Sanitation

• Some key issues
• Prevent water pollution to reduce health hazards
• Protect ecosystems
• Introduce technologies for affordable sanitation
  industrial and domestic wastewater treatment
• River basin and groundwater management
• Support water recycling

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Energy

• Some 2 billion people lack access to
  electricity and rely on traditional fuel sources
  such as firewood kerosene or biomass for their
  cooking and heating lighting.

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• Urban Planning Environmental management
  respects Biodiversity
• Biodiversity - is a term we use to describe the
  variety of life on Earth.
• It refers to the wide variety of ecosystems and
  living organisms like animals plants their
  habitats and their genes.
• Managing environment means showing honor to
  biodiversity

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• Urban Planning respects Ecology
• The word ecology (Ökologie) was used first
  in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel
  (18341919).
• Ecology is the interdisciplinary scientific
  study of the distribution and abundance of
  organisms and their interactions with their
  environment
• Ecology is a sub-discipline of biology the
  study of life. An observations on the natural
  history of plants and animals.
• Ecology is not synonymous with environment. It
  is closely related to physiology evolutionary
  biology genetics.
• Urban Planning respects Ecosystems ie every
  life-supporting function on the planet including
  climate regulation.

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The Greenhouse Effect Environment
A T M O S P H
E R E
S U N
G R E E N H O U S E G A S E S
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• Urban Policy GHG
• Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere are
  called greenhouse gases
• Greenhouse gases are those that can absorb and
  emit infrared radiation.
• In order the most abundant greenhouse gases in
  Earths atmosphere are
• Water vapor
• Carbon dioxide
• Methane
• Nitrous oxide

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• Emission of GHGs in Bangladesh
• GHG emission is low and negligible
• Per capita GHG emission is 230 kg only
• Sectoral consumption of electricity
• Industries (46)
• Residential (45)
• Commercial (7)
• Others (2)
• Large part of GHG is coming from electricity
  generation and transport sector
• Landfills also generate GHG
• Source Special Report on Emissions Scenarios
  (Data) IPCC SRES Emissions Scenarios - Version
  1.1 (July 2000)

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Source Special Report on Emissions Scenarios
(Data) IPCC SRES Emissions Scenarios - Version
1.1 (July 2000)
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Global Warming
The burning of fossil fuels land use change and
other industrial activities have increased the
GHGs in the atmosphere that are liable for Global
Warming. Cities are more vulnerable due to global
warming.
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• Spread of dengue and other diseases
• Heavy rains severe draughts
• Floods storms hurricanes
• Changed rainfall patterns
• Warming and aridity
• Loss of biodiversity

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Global primary energy consumption in 2006
15.8 TW 15.8 x 1012 W
Global population in 2006 6.56 billion
Global energy consumption per person in 2006
15.8 x 1012 W 6.56 x 109
2.4 kW

Source International Energy Annual 2006 (posted
Dec 19 2008) http//www.eia.doe.gov/iea/
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Energy Options Fossil fuels (coal oil and
natural gas) Hydropower Nuclear energy Solar
energy Wind energy Geothermal energy Ocean (wave
tidal and ocean thermal) energy Biomass
energy Biofuels (bioethanol or biodiesel) energy
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Fuels
Source BP Statistical Review of World Energy
June 2008
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Nuclear fission energy is the best CO2
emissions-free energy source so far.
IAEA2000
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EF is 1.3 times the bio capacity in 2005. That
is to say we need 1.3 planets to provide the
resources we use and absorb our waste. This
means in 2005 it took the Earth one year and
four months to regenerate what we use in a year.
Source http//www.footprintnetwork.org
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EF will be 2 times the bio capacity by the mid
2030 if current population and consumption trends
continue according to moderate UN scenarios. It
means by the mid 2030s we will need the
equivalent of 2 Earths to support us.
Source http//www.footprintnetwork.org
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Ecological Footprint (EF)

• EF measures how much land and water area
• a human population requires to produce the
• resource it consumes and to absorb its wastes
• using prevailing technology.
• EF does not include an economic indicator.

Sustainable global EF per capita Total
Bio capacity per capita
Source http//www.footprintnetwork.org
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Biocapacity
Biocapacity is shorthand for biological capacity
which is the ability of an ecosystem to produce
useful biological materials and to absorb wastes
generated by humans.
Source http//www.footprintnetwork.org
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For the World
Before 1986 the world consumed resources and
produced CO2 at a rate consistent with what the
planet could produce and reabsorb.
Source http//www.footprintnetwork.org
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Urban Environment degradation
Labour
Energy ted
Raw material
Capital
Industry
Products
Unlimited Environmental degradation
Unlimited
Unlimited Waste material
Unlimited
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Forest industry waste
Most wood companies only handle one type of
wood and burn the rest.
These burn piles are 15 to 20 ft high.
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Factory waste
More than 500 factories (mostly textiles) line
the banks of the 200-mile Citarum river near the
Indonesian capital of Jakarta.
Source http//rekkerd.org/citarum-river-a-shockin
g-display-of-abuse/
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Computer industry waste
Source http//www.greenpeace.org/international/ph
otosvideos/photos/ close-up-of-a-huge-pile-of-com
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Boat playing on a city road
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Water logging in Dhaka city road
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Solar System in the City
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Electric Rail
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PRT System
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Conclusion

• Planning is not just the layout of buildings
• Planning should involve people in the process
• Look at the different opportunities for the city
• Balance among competing interests
• Urban Planning is comprehensive economic
  social environmental design
• Improved conditions for peoples lives
• Manage scarce resources

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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION