CRIT 1101

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CRIT 1101

• Chapter 1
• Sections 1.1 1.3

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Key Terms Section 1.1

• Logic
• Argument
• Premises
• Conclusion
• Premises Indicators
• Conclusion Indicators
• Statement

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Section 1.1

• Logic as the organized body of knowledge, or
  science, that evaluates arguments. All of us
  encounter arguments in our day-to-day experience.
  
• The aim of logic is to develop a system of
  methods and principles that we may use criteria
  for evaluating arguments of others as well as
  forming ones own argument.

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Section 1.1

• Arguments, as used in logic, are a group of
  statements. One or more of these statements are
  claimed to provide support for, or reasons to
  believe, one of the others.

• The statement(s) that provides support are called
  premises. (claimed evidence)
• The statement claimed to follow from the premises
  is called the conclusion. (what is claimed to
  follow from the evidence)

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Example of an Argument (Section 1.1)

• All crimes are violations of the law. Theft is a
  crime. Therefore, theft is a violation of the
  law.
• P All Crimes are violations of the law.
• P Theft is a crime.
• C Therefore, theft is a violation of the law.

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More Examples

• Big money is buying elections like never before,
  and foundations of our democracy are being
  under-minded. Thus, campaign finance reform is
  essential.
• P Big money is buying elections like never
  before, and foundations of our democracy are
  being under-minded.
• C Thus, campaign finance reform is essential.

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Conclusion Indicators

• Therefore
• Wherefore
• Thus
• Consequently
• We may infer
• Accordingly
• We may conclude
• It must be that

• For this reason
• So
• Entails that
• Hence
• It follows that
• Implies that
• As a result

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Find the Conclusion Indicator

• Computer viruses can cause billions of dollars in
  damage. Also, they destroy work that sometimes
  can be irreplaceable. Therefore, hackers who
  create computer viruses should be severely
  punished.
• C.I. Therefore

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Premises Indicators

• Since
• As indicated by
• Because
• For
• In that
• May be inferred

• Seeing that
• For the reason that
• In as much as
• Owing to
• As
• Given that

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Find the Premises Indicator

• Given that the cost of prescription drugs are
  cheaper in Canada than they are in the United
  States, Congress should act to reduce the cost of
  these drugs.
• P.I. Given that

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Key Terms Section 1.2

• Non-arguments
• Warning
• Piece of Advise
• Statement or Belief or Opinion
• Factual Claim
• Inferential Claim
• Implicit and Explicit Arguments

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Section 1.2

• Not every passage in ordinary language contains
  an argument. Hence to apply logic to ordinary
  language, you must be able to distinguish
  arguments from non-arguments.

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Three keys in distinguishing Arguments from
Non-Arguments

• Premise and conclusion indicators
• An inferential relation among statements
  (inferential claim)
• Typical non-arguments (Warnings, Pieces of
  advise, and Statements of belief or opinion.)

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Example of Indicators in an Non-Argument

• Make sure when a indicator is being used that it
  is being used to prove something.
• So, there could be an Indicator in a sentence and
  it could not be an argument.
• Example Since the Hawks traded for Glen Big
  Dog Robinson, there have been more Hawk talk in
  Atlanta.

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Example of an Inferential relation among
Statements

• The Atlanta Braves have the best chance to win
  the World Series this year. They have the best
  bullpen in baseball and have an unbelievable
  scoring offense. Plus, they do still have two
  very good starting pitchers.

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Type of Non-Arguments

• Warning puts someone on guard against a dangerous
  or detrimental situation. Example Watch out for
  falling rocks when you are driving near Look-Out
  Mtn.
• A Piece of Advise makes a recommendation about
  some future decision or course of conduct.
  Example Before taking a class that is an
  pass/fail basis, make certain that you know the
  minimum requirements for passing.
• A statement of Belief or Opinion expresses what
  someone happens to think or believe about
  something. Example I think Cory Baldwin is the
  best professor at Clayton State and it is
  possible that he could be the best professor in
  all the world.

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What type of Non-Argument

• The Agriculture Department uses one standard for
  ground beef, while poultry products are allowed
  almost six times more salmonella-positives. There
  is no standard for pork or sausage. We hope to
  see this useless policy reformed.
• What is it?
• Statement of Belief or Opinion

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What type of Non-Argument

• Many diseases have genetic causes. Adoptive
  children have a right to information about
  diseases they may contact. Thus, adopted
  children have a right to know the identity of
  their birth place.
• What is it?
• Argument

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What type of Non-Argument

• People who pirate music from the Internet are
  cutting their own throats. By cheating recording
  artists out of their royalties, these pirates are
  driving the artists out of business. If the
  artists go out of business, there will be no more
  music.
• What is it?
• Argument

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What type of Non-Argument

• Mary, whatever you do, never go to class without
  some paper and a pen.
• What is it?
• Warning

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What type of Non-Argument

• I recommend, after you graduate that you take
  advantage of the luxury of the choice that a
  college education can offer, and do what you love
  best in life, even if it is unfashionable.
• What is it?
• Piece of Advise

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Section 1.3

• Deduction the reasoning leads one to believe
  that the conclusion is correct without any doubt
  (according to the premises).

• Induction the reasoning leads one to believe
  that the conclusion has a possibilility of being
  wrong (there is a shadow of doubt in the
  conclusion due to the premises).

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Deductive

• All the students who attend St. Judes High
  School are Catholic. Bill attends St. Judes High
  School. Therefore, Bill is Catholic.

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Inductive

• Some of the students who attend Marist High
  School are Catholic. Beth attends Marist High
  School. Therefore, Beth is probably a Catholic.