Longterm Memory

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Long-term Memory
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Long-Term Memory
Duration very long lifetime? (permastore)
Capacity very large unlimited?
Diffs test type
Implicit Memory
Explicit Memory
Stem/Frag completion Priming Procedures (ToH)
Free recall Cued recall Recognition
Semantic Memory
Episodic Memory
Procedural Memory
Conditioning Memory
I remember that
I know that
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How We Encode
Automatic vs. Effortful Encoding Effortful Leve
ls (Depth) of Processing Encoding
Specificity State-dependent memory Improving
Encoding Spacing vs. Massed Practice
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How We Retrieve
Methods of measuring retrieval Relearning
(Savings) Recall (cued vs. free) Recognition For
getting Encoding failure Decay Interference Cu
e-dependent forgetting Reconstructive nature of
memory
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Automatic Processing

• Automatic processing
• Cocktail party effect
• Stroop Effect

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Stroop Effect I
XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX
XXXX XXXX XXXX
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Stroop Effect II
Red Green Blue Yellow Green Red Green Blue Yellow
Green Red Blue Yellow
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Relearning
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Memory Tips -How to Memorize Effectively

• Attend to the Material
• Spaced (not massed) practice
• Overlearn
• Process Elaboratively
• Encode for Retrieval
• Organize the material

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Levels (Depth) of ProcessingCraik Tulving 75
Effortful processing - Levels of
effort Physical (Orthographic) Capital
letters? / E? Acoustic Rhymes with
CAT? Semantic Fits in sentence? The
man placed the ___ on the table.
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Levels of ProcessingResults
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Elaborative rehearsal

• Semantic (meaning-based) ? better memory
• Why?
• Depth of processing
• BUT circular
• Elaboration
• Elaboration produces more retrieval cues

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Encoding Specificity
Godden Baddeley 75 (scuba diver expt)
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State-dependent memory
Physiolog. state at retrieval corresponding to
physio. state at encoding assocd with better
memory performance
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Retrieval

• Memory for gist and use of schemas to guide
  retrieval.
• Why?
• ?
• Retrieval is reconstructive
• Bartletts (1932) War of the Ghosts

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Forgetting

• Sources of forgetting
• Encoding failure
• Storage (Trace decay)
• Retrieval
• Cue dependence
• Interference

• False memories

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Encoding Failure
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Trace Decay
Like STM decay
Is there LTM decay?
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Retrieval-based forgetting

• Cue-dependence
• E.g., State dependence

• Interference
• Proactive I. vs. Retroactive I.

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Proactive vs. Retroactive I.
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Source amnesia
Study phase ERPs

• Source amnesia/misattribution

Episodic Binding?
Howland 2005 Study phase 160 object 160
location wds Create Bound image Rate ease of
imagery Test phase Intact or rearranged pair?
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False Memories
False memory a memory of an event that did not
happen or is a distortion of an event that did
occur Deese/Roediger McDermott (DRM) procedure
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DRM Procedure
1. Ps hear lists of related words bed, rest,
awake, tired, dream, wake, snooze, blanket, doze,
slumber, snore
2. After each list, Ps free recall bed, tired
sleep, dream, blanket, slumber, snore
3. After all lists, Ps recognize studied words,
unstudied critical lures, unstudied unrelated
words, unstudied weakly related lures. bed,
tired sleep, dream, blanket, slumber, snore
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DRM Results
Recognition Results for DRM Exp. (1995) (in )
Old New Mean
Study status 4 3 2
1 rating Studied 75
11 9 5 3.6
Nonstudied Unrelated lure 0 2
18 80 1.2 Weakly related lure
4 17 35 44 1.8 Critical
lure 58 26 8 8 3.3
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Misinformation Effect
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Misinformation Effect II