Development of the Moored Buoy Array for Climate and the Integrated Observing System

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Development of the Moored Buoy Array for Climate
and the Integrated Observing System
Michael J. McPhaden NOAA/Pacific Marine
Environmental Laboratory Gary Meyers CSIRO
Marine and Atmospheric Research
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Indian Ocean Climate Science Drivers
Improved description, understanding and ability
to predict Seasonal monsoon variability,
Intra-seasonal oscillations and far field
impacts Monsoon ltgt ENSO ltgt Indian Ocean
Dipole interactions Warming trends since the
1970s Unique ocean circulation
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Indian Ocean Climate Science Drivers
Improved description, understanding and ability
to predict Seasonal monsoon variability,
Intra-seasonal oscillations and far field
impacts Monsoon ltgt ENSO ltgt Indian Ocean
Dipole interactions Warming trends since the
1970s Unique ocean circulation
4
Indian Ocean Climate Science Drivers
Improved description, understanding and ability
to predict Seasonal monsoon variability,
Intra-seasonal oscillations and far field
impacts Monsoon ltgt ENSO ltgt Indian Ocean
Dipole interactions Warming trends since the
1970s Unique ocean circulation
5
Indian Ocean Climate Science Drivers
Improved description, understanding and ability
to predict Seasonal monsoon variability,
Intra-seasonal oscillations and far field
impacts Monsoon ltgt ENSO ltgt Indian Ocean
Dipole interactions Warming trends since the
1970s Unique ocean circulation
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In situ, integrated Indian Ocean observing system
Standard elements XBT lines Argo floats
Surface drifter Key new element is a basin-scale
array of moorings Biological sensors Boundary
arrays Process studies
ftp//ftp.marine.csiro.au/pub/meyers/Implementatio
n20Plan/
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Draft Strategy for Indian Ocean Moored Buoy Array
30 TAO/Triton 5 ADCP 8 Flux
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Dynamical Model Design Studies
Courtesy of Gabe Vecchi, GFDL
Log(Signal to Noise) 1986-2002 100m Temperature
Anomaly O.I. of sub-sampled data
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Rationale for Flux Sites
Courtesy of Lisan Yu, WHOI
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Moored Measurement Suite(All data in real-time
via Argos)

• Standard
• Met Wind, RH, AT, SWR, Rain
• Ocean SST, SSS, T(z10 depths), S(z 5 depths),
  P (z 2 depths) v (10 m)
• Flux Sites Standard plus--
• Met LWR, BP
• Ocean Additional T(z), S(z), v (z) in upper 100
  m
• TRITON (JAMSTEC) and ATLAS (PMEL) moorings have
  equivalent measurement capabilities

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ORV Sagar Kanya Cruise9 October-17 November 2004

• 41 Day Cruise
• 4 ATLAS 1 ADCP mooring

PMEL in collaboration with the National Institute
of Oceanography (NIO) and the National Center for
Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR), Goa, India.
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First Data fromIndian Ocean ATLAS
MooringsDeployed22 October 2004
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Existing and Deployed Moorings, 2005
3 additional moorings under discussion
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Indian Ocean Moored Buoy Data Assembly Center
(DAC)

• Modeled after TAO/ TRITON and PIRATA data
  processing and dissemination systems.
• PMEL and JAMSTEC initial contributors.
• Hosted at PMEL mirror sites outside the US
  (e.g. INCOIS in India?).
• Data policy all data from the array will be
  freely and openly available without restriction

http//www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/disdel/disdel-v57.htm
l
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Argostrategy discussion(450 needed for 3 by 3
deg. coverage)

• Essential part of the IO CLIVARvariability of
  water mass composition
• Need shallow mixed layer resolution (barrier
  layers)
• Need deep calibrations (below Red-Sea Water)
• Need re-seeding in divergence regions
• Little gained by 5-day sampling

393 active
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  Argo sampling strategies and lifetimes (1)
10-day sampling, all profiles to 2000 m     
161 profiles possible ( 4.4 years) (2) 5-day
sampling, all profiles to 2000 m      175
profiles possible ( 2.4 years) (3) 10-day
sampling, park 1000 m, every 4th profile to
2000m      224 profiles possible ( 6.1
years) (4) 5-day sampling, park 1000 m every 4th
profile to 2000 m      252 profiles possible (
3.4 years) India mode 4 USA (U.Washington) mode
3
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Future Argotaking account of planned deployments

• INCOIS will be proactive to publicize deployment
  opportunities
• Need 120/ yr for full coverage
• Re-seeding of divergence regimes
• Add other sensors (O2..)?

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XBT lines

• High priority lines
• IX-01, IX-08,
• IX-09N/IX-10E,
• IX-12,
• IX-15/IX-21,
• IX22 and PX-02
• see report for criteria and assessment
• IX14 recommended but not reported to JCOMM
• XBT workshop Oct 05

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DriftersPercent chance that a 5x 5 square
will be occupied by at least one float in
September 2005 (R. Lumkin NOAA/AOML).

• 5x5 sampling established gt20 years ago for
  calibr. satellite SST
• Need full implementation
• Re-seeding of northern (upwelling) areas
  (clouds!)
• (difficulties shipping through India!!)
• No sampling strategy for measurement of
  currentsneed for operational oceanography

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Data managementProgress and shortfall

• XBTIndian Ocean Thermal Archive (IOTA) CSIRO/BoM
• Historical T/SCSIRO Atlas of Regional Seas
  (CARS)
• Argo T/SIntl DAC, INCOIS, APDRC
• MooringsIOMB DAC PMEL/JAMSTEC
• Whats missing? Management of the integrated data
  seta one-stop shop for research
• Enhanced capacity buildingODIN-Indio for
  multi-disciplinary applications

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The major issues that have to be resolved to
fully establish the mooring array include

• Ship time (180 days)INCOIS and CLIVAR websites
  will show cruise opportunities
• Fishing vandalism (or frequ. XBTs off
  Sumatra/glider?)
• Operational funding
• International coordination
• System integration (e.g. commonalities with
  multi-hazard warning system)
• Data management

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Cross-over issues

• Observing system in the southern part of the S.
  Indian gyre hasnt had a lot of attention
• What are the key research issues for this region?

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Challenges Ship Time

• Requirements
• 180 days per year (est.) to service entire array
• Assumes 1-year mooring design lifetime and
  semi-annual servicing cruises
• Repeat cruises are highest priority
• Ships must be able to deploy and recover deep
  ocean moorings

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Challenges International Coordination
Partnerships are Needed to Implement and Sustain
an Indian Ocean Moored Buoy Array

• Partnerships between institutions from nations
  within and outside the Indian Ocean region are
  need to implement and sustain the array.
• These partnerships must be long term to ensure
  stable base of support
• Sustained commitment of resources (funding,
  mooring technology, ship time, personnel) is
  required
• Regular technical and scientific exchange is
  needed to promote Indian Ocean science and array
  implementation goals
• Technical training and capacity building for
  countries without current capabilities is
  required to ensure broad participation

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Challenges Developing a Multi-Hazard Observing
System
Integration of the Ocean Observing System for
Climate with that for Short Term Warnings and
Forecasts (weather, storm surge, tsunami, etc) is
Necessary

• Broadens the constituency for all components of
  the ocean observing system
• Shared use of scarce resources (e.g. ship time
  and personnel) for implementation and maintenance
  maximizes scientific return on investment.
• Shared use of data collection platforms (e.g.
  moorings) for related or compatible measurements
  can lead to efficiencies in array design for
  different purposes (e.g. tsunami and climate).
• Technical training and capacity building can be
  coordinated where similar technologies are used
  for multiple purposes.

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Challenges Funding
President Bushs FY06 Budget for NOAAClimate
Observations and Services

• 3.2 million to expand the Tropical Atmosphere
  Ocean array and the Pilot Research Moored Array
  in the Tropical Atlantic into the Indian Ocean.
  This expansion will enhance NOAA's capability to
  accurately document the state of ocean climactic
  conditions and improve seasonal forecasting
  capability.
• (http//www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2005/s2386.ht
  m)
• Other activities covered by this funding
• Support the technological development of the
  next generation of moored buoys.
• Add salinity sensors to the TAO array to improve
  seasonal-interannual forecasting.
• Upgrades for 4 TAO and 3 PIRATA moorings to
  ocean reference station quality for satellite and
  model research
• Providing 4 additional buoys for the PIRATA
  array in the hurricane-genesis region of the
  Atlantic Ocean for improved understanding of
  ocean-atmosphere interactions on hurricane
  development.

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Challenges Fishing Vandalism
Tuna Catch 1989-1993
Yellowfin
Long Line Purse Seine Pole/Line
Skipjack
Bigeye

• 1.5N, 80.5E ATLAS stopped transmitting on 23
  Jan 05 after drifting 35 nm to SW.
• 0, 80.5E lost winds and SW radiation on 21 Mar
  05.

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Challenges to Implementing and Sustaining a
Moored Buoy Observing System for the Indian
Ocean Summary

• Ship Time
• Funding
• International Coordination
• Capacity Building
• Data Management
• Fishing Vandalism
• Integratation into a Multi-Hazard Observing
  System