IMMUNITY PARASITES MULTIPLE RESPONSES AGAINST PARASITE

1
IMMUNITY PARASITES MULTIPLE RESPONSES AGAINST
PARASITE eg. cattle responses
to Boophilus tick
!
GROOMING
AVOIDANCE
PUSTULE
EOSINOPHILS
ANTIBODY
GRANULOMA
2
IMMUNITY PARASITES REFRACTORINESS /
SUSCEPTIBILITY Rhipicephalus sanguineus
infected with Babesia canis
grooming evasion of
antibody evasion of phagocytosis
3
IMMUNITY PARSITES ANTIBODY ON EXTRACELLULAR
PROTOZOA eg. Trypanosoma in
blood plasma
4
IMMUNITY PARASITES IMMUNE EXPULSION OF GUT
NEMATODES
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
5
IMMUNITY PARASITES CUTANEOUS HYPERSENSITIVITY -
TYPE 1 Types 1 and 4 are both active against
mites, ticks, fleas TYPE 1 produces amines
leading to eosinophil degranulation protein
which is toxic to macro-parasites.
6
IMMUNITY PARASITES CUTANEOUS HYPERSENSITIVITY -
TYPE 4 Types 4 and 1 are both active against
mites, ticks, fleas TYPE 4 activates
macrophages which stimulate fibroblasts to
produce granuloma and neutrophils to form
intra-epidermal pustules
7
IMMUNITY PARASITES EOSINOPHILS AGAINST HELMINTHS
IN TISSUE Antibody mediated cytotoxicity against
Schistosoma, Fasciola etc Secretory /
excretory antigens stimulate production
of antibody from B lymphocytes and eosinophil
stimulation promoter from T lymphocytes.
Antibody opsonises helminth larva, eosinophils
degranulate around it and kill it.
8
IMMUNITY PARASITES MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION AGAINST
INTRACELLULAR PROTOZOA (eg
Leishmania) Type 4 hypersensitivity antigen
stimulates T lymphocytes to produce interferon
gamma. This activates infected macrophages to
produce NO and H2O2 and extra lysosomal enzymes,
all toxic to Leishmania
9
IMMUNITY PARASITES CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTES
AGAINST INTRACELLULAR PROTOZOA eg
Theileria parva Antigen is presented to CTL and
they proliferate. Antigen MHC receptors on
CTL permit specific binding to infected
lymphocytes. Bound CTL release toxic granules
to kill infected cell.
T lymphocyte with Theileria schizont
T lymphocyte killed
10
IMMUNITY PARASITES EVASION OF ANTIBODY BY
ANTIGENIC VARIATION in
Trypanosoma Trypanosoma antigens stimulate
antibody production. These antigens can vary in
successive generations of Trypanosoma. Each
new variant can evade the preceding
antibody response until new antibody is produced.