History%20of%20Western%20Architectural%20Engineering

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History of Western Architectural Engineering

• S. Baur for AE 203

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Chronology
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Pre lt 5,000 BC
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Natural Shelter Stone Fire Natural Ventilation Natural, Fire
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Pre lt 3,000 BC
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Primitive Shelter Stone Fire Natural Ventilation Natural, Fire
Locmariaquer (France)
Essé (France)
New Grange (Ireland)
Stonehenge 2750-1500 B.C.
Stonehenge (England)
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First Empires - Babylon
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Step Pyramid Stone Fire Natural Ventilation Natural, Fire Fortification

• Dates 800 550 BCE
• Points of Interest
• Order
• Procession
• Secrecy
• Symmetry
• Importance
• Balance
• Hierarchy
• Majestic
• Multiple Levels

Map of Middle East
Ziggurat of Ur-Nammu
Ziggurat of Uruk
Enlarged Area of Middle East
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First Empires - Babylon
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Gated Community Stone Fire Natural Ventilation Natural, Fire Fortification

• Dates 800 550 BCE
• Points of Interest
• Order
• Procession
• Secrecy
• Symmetry
• Importance
• Balance
• Hierarchy
• Majestic
• Multiple Levels

Ziggurat of Ur-Nammu

• The city of Babylon
• Processional Route
• Ishtar Gate
• Palace of Nebuchadnezzar
• Temple of Ninmah
• Etemenaki Ziggurat
• Temple of Marduk
• Bridge leading to the new city

The Ishtar Gate
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First Empires - Egypt
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Mortuary Stone Fire Natural Ventilation Natural, Fire

• Dates
• Old Kingdom
• 2660-2180 BCE
• Middle Kingdom
• 2180-1780 BCE
• New Kingdom
• 1780-1070 BCE
• Points of Interest
• Order
• Procession
• Symbolism
• Orientation
• Symmetry
• Importance
• Balance
• Hierarchy
• Majestic
• Multiple Levels

The Pyramids, Giza
The Sphinx, Giza
Section through Cheops
The Pyramids, Giza
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First Empires - Egypt
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Mortuary Stone Fire Natural Ventilation Natural, Fire

• Dates
• Old Kingdom
• 2660-2180 BCE
• Middle Kingdom
• 2180-1780 BCE
• New Kingdom
• 1780-1070 BCE
• Points of Interest
• Order
• Procession
• Symbolism
• Orientation
• Symmetry
• Importance
• Balance
• Hierarchy
• Majestic
• Multiple Levels

The Mortuary of Hatshepsut
The Mortuary of Hatshepsut - Plan
9
First Empires - Egypt
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Residential Wood Stone Fire Natural Ventilation Natural, Fire

• Dates
• Old Kingdom
• 2660-2180 BCE
• Middle Kingdom
• 2180-1780 BCE
• New Kingdom
• 1780-1070 BCE
• Points of Interest
• Order
• Procession
• Private/Public
• Orientation
• Geometry
• Volume
• Natural Lighting

Plan and Section of a House, Deir el-Medineh
Plan of a House of a Nobleman, Tell el-Amarna
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First Empires - Egypt
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Temple Stone Fire Natural Ventilation Natural, Fire

• Dates
• Old Kingdom 2660-2180 BCE
• Middle Kingdom 2180-1780 BCE
• New Kingdom 1780-1070 BCE
• Points of Interest
• Order
• Procession
• Symbolism
• Orientation
• Symmetry
• Importance
• Balance
• Hierarchy
• Entrance
• Scale

Front Elevation
Longitudinal Section
Temple of Ramses II Abu-Simbel (1301-1235 BCE)
Floor Plan
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First Empires - Egypt
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Temple Stone Fire Natural Ventilation Natural, FIre

• Dates
• Old Kingdom
• 2660-2180 BCE
• Middle Kingdom
• 2180-1780 BCE
• New Kingdom
• 1780-1070 BCE
• Points of Interest
• Order
• Procession
• Symbolism
• Orientation
• Symmetry
• Importance
• Balance
• Hierarchy
• Entrance
• Scale

Temple of Amon, Luxor
Temple of Khons, Karnak
Temple of Amon, Luxor
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The Greek World
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Temples Stone Fire Natural Ventilation Natural, Fire

• Dates 1000 30 BCE
• Points of Interest
• Order
• Procession
• Symbolism
• Orientation
• Symmetry
• Importance
• Balance
• Perspective
• Hierarchy
• Entrance
• Scale
• Location

Pathenon
Electeion
Acropolis
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The Greek World
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Temples Wood Stone Fire Natural Ventilation Natural, Fire

• Dates 1000 30 BCE
• Points of Interest
• Order
• Procession
• Symbolism
• Orientation
• Symmetry
• Importance
• Balance
• Hierarchy
• Entrance
• Scale

Plans of Ionic Temples
The diversity of the Ionic Order is seen In the
variety of plans. The first three types Are
characteristic of Cycladic architecture.
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The Greek World
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Temples Public Spaces Wood Stone Fire Natural Ventilation Natural, Fire Cisterns

• Dates 1000 30 BCE
• Points of Interest
• Order
• Boundaries
• Courtyard
• Orientation
• Symmetry
• Importance
• Balance
• Perspective
• Hierarchy
• Entrance
• Scale

The Agora at Assos
Sanctuary of Asklepios, Pergamon
Theatre at Epidaurus
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The Greek World
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Private Residence Wood Stone Fire Natural Ventilation Natural, Fire Cisterns

• Dates 1000 30 BCE
• Points of Interest
• Order
• Boundaries
• Courtyard
• Orientation
• Symmetry
• Balance
• Hierarchy
• Entrance
• Scale

• Public Latrine
• Origin Rome
• 1st Cent. B.C.E.

• House of Comedians, Delos
• Peristyle Court
• 2nd Cent. B.C.E.

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Rome
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Temple Stone Fire Natural Ventilation Natural, Fire

• Dates 509 BCE 395
• Points of Interest
• Order
• Boundaries
• Architectural
• Orientation
• Symmetry
• Importance
• Balance
• Perspective
• Hierarchy
• Entrance
• Scale

Temple of Fortuna Verilius
Maison Carée, Nimes (12 BCE)
Corithian Order
Architectural Order
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Rome
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Bridges Gateways Stone, Cement Fire Natural Ventilation Natural, Fire Infrastructure Planning

• Dates 509 BCE 395
• Points of Interest
• Order
• Boundaries
• Architectural
• Arch
• Orientation
• Symmetry
• Importance
• Balance
• Perspective
• Hierarchy
• Entrance
• Scale

Arch
Arcode Arch Tito
Alcantara Bridge, Spain (106)
Aqueduct in Segovia, Spain (1st Cent.)
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Rome
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Public Buildings Stone, Cement Fire Natural Ventilation Natural, Fire Infrastructure

• Dates 509 BCE 395
• Points of Interest
• Order
• Separation by Function
• Architectural
• Barrel Vault
• Orientation
• Balance
• Perspective
• Hierarchy
• Entrance
• Levels
• Scale

Forum Bath, Pompeii (80 BCE)
Barrel Vault
Colosseum, Rome (70-80)
Close Up of the Colosseum
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Rome
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Public Buildings Stone, Cement Fire Natural Ventilation Natural, Fire Infrastructure

• Dates 509 BCE 395
• Points of Interest
• Order
• Separation by Function
• Architectural
• Groin Vault
• Orientation
• Balance
• Perspective
• Hierarchy
• Entrance
• Levels
• Scale

Groin Vault
Markets of Trajan, Rome (117-138)
Baths of Diocletian, Rome (298-306)
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Rome
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Public Buildings Stone, Cement Fire Natural Ventilation Natural, Fire

• Dates 509 BCE 395
• Points of Interest
• Order
• Separation by Function
• Architectural
• Spherical Dome
• Orientation
• Balance
• Perspective
• Hierarchy
• Entrance
• Levels
• Scale

Spherical Dome
Pantheon
Partial Plan and Section of the Pantheon
Pantheon, Rome (118-128)
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Rome
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Public Buildings Stone, Cement Fire Natural Ventilation Natural, Fire Infrastructure

• Dates 509 BCE 395
• Points of Interest
• Sustainability
• Planning
• Growth
• Public/Private
• Water/Waste
• Systems
• Plumbing Heating

Climate Controlled Environment
Pont du Gard, Nimes (1st Cent.)
Lead Pipe
Hypocaust
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The Dark and Middle Ages
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Religious Buildings Stone, Concrete, Wood Fire Natural Ventilation Glass Window, Fire Infrastructure

• Dates 395-1400
• Points of Interest
• Order
• Separation by Function
• Architectural
• Vaults
• Spherical Dome
• Orientation
• Balance
• Perspective
• Hierarchy
• Entrance
• Levels
• Scale

Wood Timber Trusses
Santa Sophia, Constantinople (537)
Bourge Apse
Interior of Santa Sophia
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The Dark and Middle Ages
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Religious Buildings Stone, Concrete, Wood Fire Natural Ventilation Glass Window, Fire Infrastructure

• Dates 395-1400
• Points of Interest
• Order
• Separation by Function
• Architectural
• Rib Vault
• Flying Butresses
• Orientation
• Balance
• Centered
• Hierarchy
• Entrance
• Levels
• Scale

Vaulted Ceiling
Bourge Apse
Flying Buttresses
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The Renaissance (Rebirth)
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Religious Buildings Stone, Concrete, Wood, Timber Trusses, Vaulted Ceiling Fire Natural Ventilation Glass Window, Fire Infrastructure

• Dates 1400-1700
• Points of Interest
• Statics-Beam Theory
• Order
• Geometry
• Ornamentation
• Ribbed Dome
• Orientation
• Balance
• Centered
• Hierarchy
• Levels
• Scale

Interior View
San Miniato, Florence (1170)
Pazzi Chapel in Santa Croce, (1429)
Beam Theory, Elasticity
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The Renaissance (Rebirth)
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Religious Buildings Stone, Concrete, Wood, Timber Trusses, Vaulted Ceiling Fire Natural Ventilation Glass Window, Fire Infrastructure

• Dates 1400-1700
• Points of Interest
• Statics-Beam Theory
• Order
• Geometry
• Ornamentation
• Ribbed Dome
• Orientation
• Balance
• Centered
• Hierarchy
• Levels
• Scale

S. Maria del Fiore, Florence
Duomo
Aerial View of S. Maria del Fiore, Florence
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1700s -1800s
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Residential/Lighthouse Stone, Wood, Timber Trusses, Wrought Iron Fire Natural Ventilation Glass Window, Fire Infrastructure

• Dates 1700-1800
• Points of Interest
• Materials
• Structure
• Function
• Orientation
• Balance
• Centered
• Hierarchy
• Levels
• Scale

Residential Home
Traditional Cabin
Wood Stove
Oil Lamp
Lighthouse, Currituck Beach, NC
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1800s -1870s
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Public/Industrial Buildings Portland Cement, Wood, Cast Iron, Brick Hot Water Radiators, Heating and Ventilation, Ice Making Machines Arc Light, Large Glass Buildings Fire Extinguishers

• Dates 1800-1870
• Points of Interest
• Materials
• Structure
• Tensile
• Compression
• Function
• Orientation
• Balance
• Centered
• Hierarchy
• Levels
• Scale

Arc Lamp
Crystal Palace, Hyde Park England (1851)

Cast Iron Radiator
Cysyllte Aqueduct, Wales (1795)
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1800s -1870s
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Public/Industrial Buildings Portland Cement, Wood, Cast Iron, Brick Hot Water Radiators, Heating and Ventilation, Ice Making Machines Arc Light, Large Glass Buildings Fire Extinguishers

• Dates 1800-1870
• Points of Interest
• Materials
• Structure
• Tensile
• Compression
• Function
• Heating
• Lighting
• Orientation
• Balance
• Centered

Central Rails, London (1846-50)
Great Hall Library, Oxford (1854-1860)

Clifton Suspended Bridge (1836-1864)
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1870s -1900s
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Public/Industrial Buildings Portland Cement, Wood, Cast Iron, Brick Hot Water Radiators, Heating and Ventilation, Ice Making Machines Arc Light, Large Glass Buildings Fire Extinguishers

• Dates 1870-1900
• Points of Interest
• Materials
• Structure
• Tensile
• Compression
• Function
• Heating
• Lighting
• Orientation
• Balance
• Centered

Exhibition Hall, Paris (1889)
The Machine Hall
Exterior, Exhibition Hall, Paris

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1870s -1900s
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Public/Industrial Buildings Portland Cement, Wood, Cast Iron, Brick Hot Water Radiators, Heating and Ventilation, Ice Making Machines Arc Light, Large Glass Buildings Chemical Fire Extinguishers

• Dates 1870-1900
• Points of Interest
• Materials
• Structure
• Tensile
• Compression
• Function
• Heating
• Lighting
• Orientation
• Balance
• Centered
• Radial

Aerial View of Paris Exposition
Eifel Tower, Paris (1889)
Toradero, Paris (1878)

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1870s -1900s
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Skyscrapers (Chicago, New York) Terra Cotta, Reinforced Concrete, Standard Shapes for Rolled Steel District Air, Air Cooling via Ice Incandescent Lamps, Telephone Hydraulic Elevator, Automatic Sprinklers

• Dates 1870-1900
• Points of Interest
• Materials
• Structure
• Tensile
• Compression
• Function
• Heating
• Lighting
• Orientation
• Balance
• Centered

Telephone
Edison Light Bulb
St. Genevieve Library, Paris

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1870s -1900s
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Skyscrapers (Chicago, New York) Terra Cotta, Reinforced Concrete, Standard Shapes for Rolled Steel District Air, Air Cooling via Ice Incandescent Lamps, Telephone Hydraulic Elevator, Automatic Sprinklers

• Dates 1870-1900
• Points of Interest
• Materials
• Load Bearing
• Steel Framing
• Orientation
• Vertical
• Centered

Typ. Beam and Column Detail
Monadnock Bldg (1898)
Wainwright Bldg (1903)

Elevator
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1900s-1930s
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Assembly Plants, Airports Plywood Introduced, Flat Slab Concrete, Precast Concrete, Curtain Wall Construction Air Conditioner Fluorescent Lighting Escalators, Traction Elevators, Principles of Acoustics

• Dates 1900-1930
• Points of Interest
• Materials
• Load Bearing
• Steel Framing
• Lighting
• Natural
• Artificial
• Orientation
• Vertical
• Centered

Ford Plant Highland Park, IL.
Hangar at Langley Airbase
Interior- Ford Plant Highland Park, IL
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1900s-1930s
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Movie Theaters, Skyscrapers Plywood Introduced, Flat Slab Concrete, Precast Concrete, Curtain Wall Construction Air Conditioning Fluorescent Lighting Escalators, Traction Elevators, Principles of Acoustics

• Dates 1900-1930
• Points of Interest
• Aesthetics
• Exterior
• Curtain Walls/Cladding
• Steel Framing
• Interior
• Lighting
• Themes
• Orientation
• Vertical
• Centered

Theatre in Tampa, FL
Philadelphia Saving Fund Society
Precast Panel Const.
Carrier Air Conditioner
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1900s-1930s
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Private Residences Plywood Introduced, Flat Slab Concrete, Precast Concrete, Curtain Wall Construction Air Conditioner, Heating Systems Fluorescent Lighting Natural Artificial Lighting, Principles of Acoustics

• Dates 1900-1930
• Points of Interest
• Materials
• Load Bearing
• Steel and Reinforced Concrete Framing
• Lighting
• Natural
• Artificial
• Orientation
• Vertical/Horizontal
• Centered

Villa Savoye, Poissy sur Seine, France
Robie House-Oak Park, IL
Fluorescent Light Bulb
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1900s-1930s
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Skyscrapers Steel, Precast Concrete, Curtain Wall Construction Air Conditioning, Heating Systems Lighting Escalators, Traction Elevators, Pumps

• Dates 1900-1930
• Points of Interest
• Aesthetics
• Exterior
• Curtain Walls/Cladding
• Steel Framing
• Interior
• Lighting
• Themes
• Orientation
• Vertical
• Centered

Top of Chrysler Building
Empire State Building
Chrysler Building
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1930s-1990s
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Open Plan, Private/Public Continuous Beams, Moment Distribution, Improvements in Analysis, Prefab Panel Systems Computer Control Systems Halogen Lamps, Fiber Optic Electronic Acoustic Adjustments

• Dates 1930-1990
• Points of Interest
• Materials
• Load Bearing
• Steel and Reinforced Concrete Framing
• Lighting
• Natural
• Artificial
• Orientation
• Vertical/
• Horizontal
• Centered

Guggenheim Museum
Falling Water
Dulles Terminal
Glass House
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1930s-1990s
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Glass Buildings, Computers, Tension Structure Continuous Beams, Moment Distribution, Improvements in Analysis, Prefab Panel Systems HVAC Standards, Computer Control Systems Halogen Lamps, Fiber Optic Electronic Acoustic Adjustments

• Dates 1930-1990
• Points of Interest
• Aesthetics
• Exterior
• Curtain Walls/Cladding
• Steel Framing
• Interior
• Lighting
• Themes
• Orientation
• Vertical
• Centered

Equitable Building
John Hancock Building
Sears Tower
Lever Building
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1930s-1990s
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Glass Buildings, Computers, Tension Structure Continuous Beams, Moment Distribution, Improvements in Analysis, Prefab Panel Systems HVAC Standards, Computer Control Systems Halogen Lamps, Fiber Optic Electronic Acoustic Adjustments

• Dates 1930-1990
• Points of Interest
• Aesthetics
• Exterior
• Curtain Walls/Cladding
• Steel Framing
• Interior
• Lighting
• Themes
• Orientation
• Vertical
• Grid
• Radial

Diner/Cafe
Lake Shore Drive Apartments
Guggenheim Museum
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1930s-1990s
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Glass Buildings, Computers, Tension Structure Continuous Beams, Moment Distribution, Improvements in Analysis, Prefab Panel Systems HVAC Standards, Computer Control Systems Halogen Lamps, Fiber Optic Electronic Acoustic Adjustments

• Dates 1930-1990
• Points of Interest
• Aesthetics
• Exterior
• Curtain Walls/Cladding
• Steel Framing
• Interior
• Lighting
• Themes
• Orientation
• Vertical
• Centered
• Radial

Olympic Village, Munich
Pompidou Centre, Paris
United Nations Headquarters
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1930s-1990s
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Glass Buildings, Computers, Tension Structure Continuous Beams, Moment Distribution, Improvements in Analysis, Prefab Panel Systems HVAC Standards, Computer Control Systems Halogen Lamps, Fiber Optic Electronic Acoustic Adjustments

• Dates 1930-1990
• Points of Interest
• Aesthetics
• Exterior
• Curtain Walls/Cladding
• Steel Framing
• Interior
• Lighting
• Themes
• Orientation
• Vertical
• Centered
• Radial

Enlarged View of Marina City
Bonaventure Hotel, Los Angles
Marina City, Chicago (1961)
Marina City Floor Plan
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1930s-1990s
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Glass Buildings, Computers, Tension Structure Continuous Beams, Moment Distribution, Improvements in Analysis, Prefab Panel Systems HVAC Standards, Computer Control Systems Halogen Lamps, Fiber Optic Electronic Acoustic Adjustments

• Dates 1930-1990
• Points of Interest
• Aesthetics
• Exterior
• Curtain Walls/Cladding
• Steel Framing
• Interior
• Lighting
• Structural Systems
• Orientation
• Vertical
• Centered
• Radial

Illinois Center, Chicago (1984)
Interior View of Illinois Center
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1990s-2000s
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Public Art, Fluid Design Composites, Plastics, Finite Element Analysis Energy Efficient Systems Illumination Design Monitor Sensors, Surround Sound

• Dates 1990-2000
• Points of Interest
• Aesthetics
• Exterior
• Walls/Cladding
• Steel Framing
• Interior
• Lighting
• Structural Systems
• Orientation
• Collective Grouping

View of Music Museum, Seattle
Aerial View of Music Museum, Seattle
Dulles Terminal
View of Music Museum, Seattle
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1990s-2000s
Architecture Structure HVAC Lighting Other
Public Art, Fluid Design Composites, Plastics, Finite Element Analysis Energy Efficient Systems Illumination Design Monitor Sensors, Surround Sound

• Dates 1990-2000
• Points of Interest
• Aesthetics
• Exterior
• Walls/Cladding
• Steel Framing
• Interior
• Lighting
• Structural Systems
• Orientation
• Collective Grouping

View of UFA Central Theater in Dresden
Interior View of UFA Central Theater
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2003s-Future

• Home Land Security
• Plastic Composites
• Designing a smart building
• Sensors
• Self Automated Systems
• Seismic Control Devices to counter
• the effects of natural forces
• Energy Efficient Systems
• New Technologies