TCI Reading Notes Chapter 16

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TCI Reading NotesChapter 16
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16.2 The Government of Imperial China

1. People can overthrow an emperor when he rules
   badly.
2. A bureaucracy is an organized group of government
   officials. When the bureaucracy became corrupt,
   people suffered from high taxes, forced labor,
   and attacks by bandits.
3. When the Han dynasty fell, China broke into
   separate kingdoms. It was reunited by the Sui
   dynasty.

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16.3 AristocracyThe Tang Dynasty
Reproduction of Cell Used by Students Taking the
Imperial Exams

1. Scholar-officials were scholars who got
   government jobs through examinations.
2. The examination was primarily based on the
   teachings of Confucius.
3. Only the wealthy could afford the tutors, books,
   and time to study needed to prepare for the exams.

Confucius
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16.4 MeritocracyThe Song Dynasty
Song Dynasty scholars

1. Government officials who had studied Confucius
   would be rational, moral, and able to maintain
   order.
2. People from lower classes were allowed to become
   government officials.
3. People wanted these jobs because government
   officials were respected and were excused from
   taxes and military service.

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16.5 Government by Foreigners The Period of
Mongol Rule

1. He appointed relatives, other Mongols, and
   trusted foreigners.
2. Chinese scholars worked only as teachers and
   minor government officials.

Kublai Khan
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16.6 The Revival of the Civil Service System

1. Hiring scholars emphasized moral behavior,
   justice, kindness, loyalty to the emperor, proper
   conduct, and the importance of family. It
   insured that officials were trained and talented,
   and it allowed the ambitious and hard working
   from all classes the chance to succeed.
2. People who knew science, mathematics, or
   engineering were kept out of government. Because
   Confucian scholars had little respect for
   merchants, trade and business were not encouraged.

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TCI Reading NotesChapter 17
COMMERCE
URBANIZATION
AGRICULTURE
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17.2 Changes in Agriculture

1. Cotton, sugar, tea, and mulberry trees were
   grown.
2. A new kind of fast growing, drought-resistant
   rice was grown.
3. Rice plants began to be grown in seedbeds.
4. Rice was transplanted to paddies.
5. Rice growing took a lot of work done by many
   people.

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17.2 Changes in Agriculture

1. Improved plows and harrows were used.
2. Crops were grown on terraced hillsides.
3. Chain pumps were used for irrigation.
4. Water buffalos pulled plows.

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17.2 Changes in Agriculture
Agriculture changed in China from the 10th
through the 13th centuries because

1. Farmers moved to the south, a good region for
   growing rice.
2. A new type of rice was introduced.
3. An improved plow and harrow were developed.
4. Farmers fertilized their crops.

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17.3 The Growth of Trade and Commerce

• Goods were moved along canals on barges.
• Junks were used for trade with foreign cultures.

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17.3 The Growth of Trade and Commerce

1. Peasants sold surplus crops, animals, and goods
   they made at home.
2. Indigo, spices, silver, ivory, and coral were
   imported.
3. Oxcarts and pack animals moved products along
   roads.

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17.3 The Growth of Trade and Commerce

• Small shops lined streets and bridges.
• People used paper money and traded in copper
  coins at deposit shops.

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17.3 The Growth of Trade and Commerce
Commerce developed in China from the 10th through
the 13th centuries because

1. There was a vast system of rivers and canals,
2. Improvements in navigation made long sea voyages
   easier,
3. Wealthy landowners demanded more goods
4. Paper currency helped trade.

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17.4 Urbanization

1. Restaurants, wine, and teahouses provided food
   and drink.
2. Vendors sold food from trays on their heads.
   Silk, silver, fans, and other items were for
   sale.
3. Signs identified the many goods being sold.
4. There were theaters and outdoor entertainers.
5. Urban women had less status than the rural women.
6. Chinese cities were the largest in the world.
7. Cities were crowded and exciting.
8. Many types of people live in the city.

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17.4 Urbanization
Cities developed from the 10th through the 13th
centuries in China

1. People came to the city to trade as commerce
   increase.
2. Large landowners moved to cities because they
   preferred the shops and social life there.