Organic Soils, i.e. Histosols

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Organic Soils, i.e. Histosols
Soils An Introduction (Singer and Munns)
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Non-agricultural Use of Soil

• Using Soil as a Recycler

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Solid Waste
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Liquid Waste
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Disposal/Treatment Options
Two options On-site Septic System Off-site
Sewage Trt Plants
Soils An Introduction (Singer and Munns)
http//ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/wuww.html
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Waste Water Treatment Plants(WWTP)

• Combined OR
• Separate sewage from runoff

Soils An Introduction (Singer and Munns)
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WWTP Goals

• Clean water (effluent) to return to streams
• remove excess nutrients
• minimize pathogens
• appropriate temperature
• Sanitary solids disposal
• landfill
• incinerate
• land application

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Biosolids solids after trtmt
Soils An Introduction (Singer and Munns)
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Biosolids Processing
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Phosphorus (P) Crop Need vs Water Quality
greenfacts.org
Soil crop production
Water eutrophication
Goal Satisfy P need, minimize P loss
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Balance
www.milorganite.com
NP ratio in these sources less than plant
requires
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Effects of Biosolids Treatment

• Biosolids
• concentrated with P
• disposalland application
• Do biosolids differ in P availability as compared
  to manure or fertilizer?

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P Removal Method Lime

• solids pumped to this tank
• addition of lime
• raise pH
• reduce pathogens
• precipitate P as Ca-P
• (very insoluble)

Baraboo, WI
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P Removal Method Fe or Al

• add at influent entry
• Fe
• precipitate Fe-P
• can become soluble in reducing conditions
• Al
• precipitate Al-P
• too much Al can cause toxicity in soil
• separate for solids

Lodi (Al) Portage (Fe) WI
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P Removal Method Biological

• primary influent trt
• microorganisms eat dissolved P
• solids removed by settling for further trt

Madison, WI
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Biosolids Trtmt Effects
lime (Ca)
Fe or Al
biological
P Removal Method
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Experimental Approaches

• Field Study
• with plant
• real environment

• Incubations
• no plant
• controlled conditions

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Biosolids History Incubation
Soil ID Soil Series Field Biosolids History
1A Plano None
1B Plano 15 apps
2A Plano None
2B Plano 2 apps
3B Ringwood 13 apps
P Source Treatment TP () PWEP ()
Madison Biological 4.45 11.3
Baraboo Lime 1.05 0.1
Lodi Alum (Al) 3.67 0.3
Portage Iron (Fe) 3.63 1.2
Manure - 0.67 33.8
KH2PO4 - 22.8 100
PWEPpercent of TP that is water extractable
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Soil Classification

• Plano
• Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic
  Argiudolls
• Ringwood
• Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic
  Argiudolls
• Both soils are typical of MMSD land-application
  program

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Effects on Bray P1
KH2PO4
bars within a soil followed by the same letter
are not statistically different at p0.05
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Effects on PBC
PBC P rate/?STP
Plano 1 Plano 1 Plano 2 Plano 2 Ringwood
1A 1B 2A 2B 3B
P Sources (0) (15 apps) (0) (2 apps) (13 apps)
--------------------------PBC (kg P ha-1)-------------------------- --------------------------PBC (kg P ha-1)-------------------------- --------------------------PBC (kg P ha-1)-------------------------- --------------------------PBC (kg P ha-1)-------------------------- --------------------------PBC (kg P ha-1)--------------------------
Lime 8.4 10.5 6.6 8.5 8.3
Al 19.9 -104.7 23.8 45.4 -222.9
Fe 9.2 12.6 10.6 17.4 16.7
Biological 7.0 5.8 8.3 8.2 7.2
Manure 7.3 5.2 7.3 7.9 6.2
KH2PO4 4.2 2.7 4.5 3.7 3.7
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Predicting STP
Biosolid and manure properties Biosolid and manure properties Biosolid and manure properties Biosolid and manure properties Biosolid and manure properties
Soil Extractant WEP AmOxP TP P to FeAl ratio P to FeAl ratio
---------------------------r--------------------------- ---------------------------r--------------------------- ---------------------------r--------------------------- ---------------------------r--------------------------- ---------------------------r---------------------------
All Soils (n100) All Soils (n100) All Soils (n100) All Soils (n100) All Soils (n100)
?WEP 0.58 0.36 0.22 0.22 0.46
?BP1 0.53 ns -0.39 -0.39 0.52
?M3 0.48 ns -0.37 -0.37 0.40
, , indicate statistical significance at
p0.05, 0.01, and 0.001, respectively
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Effects on Bray P1
Arlington Field Experiment
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Conclusions

• P source treatment greatly influences P
  availability
• lime and biologically treated biosolids change
  BP1 similar to a typical dairy manure
• Fe and Al treated biosolids have significantly
  greater PBC
• P fertilizer has the smallest PBC
• Field results follow same trends as Incubations
• WEP of biosolids could be used to predict PBC

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Implications

• Is there a best method for P removal?
• Does P removal method have implications for the
  functionality of biosolids for other purposes
  (besides keeping P from leaving in runoff)?
• What do WWTP operates need to take into account
  when deciding on a P removal process?
• How is soil being used as a recycler?

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Green Waste

• Reduce Reuse Recycle

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BackgroundP Chemistry

• Solubility in Soils - pH dependent

Optimum P availability between pH 6-7.
Brady and Weil, 1999
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Effects on WEP
KH2PO4