ANTARCTICA, AUSTRALIA,

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ANTARCTICA, AUSTRALIA, OCEANIA
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ANTARCTICA
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• 5th largest continent
• Types of plants found on Antarctica
• Algae, lichens, mosses

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• 1st to reach the South Pole?
• Roald Amundsen from Norway in 1911

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• Antarctic Treaty
• Signed in 1959 by 12 countries including the
  United States
• Prohibits military activities except to support
  science
• Prohibits nuclear testing
• Promotes scientific research cooperation

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• Only 1 of Antarctica has been mined for
  minerals.
• The continent is rich in minerals
• coal, copper, lead, zinc, silver, gold, oil,
  natural gas.
• The Protocol on Environmental Protection (added
  to Antarctic Treaty) caused restrictions on
  mining in 1991.
• Bans all commercial mineral resource activity
  (oil natural gas)
• Conservation of flora and fauna
• No polluting

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AUSTRALIA
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The Land

• Why is Australia unique?
• Only country that is also a continent
• Worlds smallest continent
• Where do most of Australias rivers start?
• Great Dividing Range
• Two rivers supply water for irrigation
• Murray and Darling Rivers

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• Most of Australias water comes from artesian
  wells.
• Water that comes up from underground pressurized
  water
• Only 10 of the land is arable (farmable).
• Wheat, barley, fruit, sugarcane
• The land of the Outback is used by ranchers to
  raise cattle, sheep, chickens.
• Worlds largest producer of wool

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• Australia produces ¼ of the worlds bauxite.
• Raw material for aluminum production

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• Australia is also known for its high quality
  opals.

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Great Barrier Reef
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• Great Barrier Reef is the worlds largest coral
  reef.
• It is actually over 2500 small reefs.
• Over 1800 miles
• Coral is slowly dying because of pollution,
  warming waters, and human contact.
• Actions taken to save the reef
• Pollution control
• Fishing restrictions
• Part of the reef closed to tourists
• Reef Water Quality Protection Plan

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Climate

• Most of the mid-continent of Australia has a
  desert climate.
• Vegetation desert scrubs desert waste

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• Southeastern Australia has a tropical rainforest
  tropical grassland climate.
• Some people use wattle for their homes.
• Saplings of the acacia tree interwoven to make
  framework for homes

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A Brief History

• Original inhabitants were the Aborigines.

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• Aborigines probably originated from southeast
  Asia.
• Belief in Dreamtime
• System of beliefs that they are connected to all
  things back to the beginning of time
• Use the boomerang for hunting
• Heavy throwing stick
• Work of weapon art
• Skillfully carved and weighted

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• Captain James Cook claimed Australia for Great
  Britain in 1770.

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• What happened to the Aborigines when the British
  settled in?
• Europeans removed people from their lands by
  force.
• They also brought diseases that killed many
  Aborigines.
• What did Great Britain use Australia for in the
  late 1700s and early 1800s?
• Colony for convicts.
• British prisons were overcrowded.

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• What profitable type of livestock was introduced
  to Australia?
• SHEEP

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Independence

• Australia became independent from Great Britain
  in 1901.
• It became a dominion (self-governing country
  within the British Empire).
• Official name Commonwealth of Australia

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Australia Today

• The country has actively recruited immigrants.
• People from east and southeast Asia have answered
  the call.
• Major trading partners?
• Japan U.S.
• Strine is spoken by many Australians.
• A unique vocabulary made up of Aboriginal words
  and Australian slang.

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OCEANIA
Vanuatu
New Zealand
Fiji
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New Zealand Quick Facts

• Country made up of 2 islands
• North Island and South Island
• Most important resource?
• Fertile volcanic soil

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• 2 major exports?
• Sheep wool products
• 20 times more livestock than people!
• New Zealand ranchers are called graziers.

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History

• Original inhabitants Maori
• Like the Aborigines, the
• Maori were forced off their land by the
  Europeans and faced discrimination racism.

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• New Zealand shocked the world in 1893 by being
  the 1st country to legally recognize womens
  right to vote.
• New Zealand gained its independence from Great
  Britain in 1907.
• In 1985, NZ banned nuclear-powered ships and
  those with nuclear weapons from its waters.

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OCEANIA QUICK FACTS

• The islands were created by colliding tectonic
  plates and volcanic hot spots.
• 3 island types
• High islands tops of underwater mountain ranges
  (Tahiti Hawaiis big islands)
• Low islands coral atolls (Nauru Hawaiis small
  islands)
• Continental islands created by the rising and
  folding of ancient rock from ocean floor (Papua
  New Guinea)

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• 3 classifications of islands
• Melanesia (black islands)
• Micronesia (little islands)
• Polynesia (many islands)

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• The country of Nauru is the worlds smallest
  republic and one of the richest countries in the
  world.

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• Many Pacific islands are trust territories.
• Created after WWII by the United States
• U.S. gave dependent areas to other countries to
  control.
• In 1954, the U.S. exploded an atom bomb at Bikini
  Atoll and other nearby islands.
• People were unable to return to the islands.
• In the 1990s, the U.S. paid 90 million to
  decontaminate the areas and create trust funds
  for the injured.

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• Fiji is over 30 Hindu.
• 1000s of East Indians were brought to work on
  plantations and brought their religion with them.

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• Most important economic activity in the South
  Pacific is agriculture.
• Tropical fruits mainly (banana, coconut,
  pineapple, mango, etc.)
• Many Pacific islanders practice subsistence
  farming.
• Growing only enough for a familys needs