Injuries and First Aid

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Injuries and First Aid

• The aim of this lesson is to learn about common
  sporting injuries and prevention techniques

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What Consider how injuries are caused and the
type of injury that results. Consider the
precautions that can be taken to prevent
injuries occuring How Powerpoint Discussion
Why To improve your knowledge of injuries for
real life situations and your GCSE exam.
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The chance of getting injured while taking part
in physical activity are quite high and most
performers get injured at some time. Injury
prevention should be paramount and all
precautions should be taken to avoid and minimise
the risk of injury.
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Technique and safe practice Correct technique
should be used at all times. Poor technique can
result in injury to performer and opponent. These
injuries are considered to be in the categories
of internally and externally caused injuries.
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Internally caused injuries These are injuries
where a performer is solely responsible. Overuse
injuries. Can be caused by training or performing
too much. Can include stress fractures and muscle
and tendon injuries. Tennis players can suffer
from tennis elbow and many footballers suffer
cartilage damage. Stress fractures a brake in
the bone caused by repeated application of a
heavy load or constant pounding on a hard surface
such as by running. Tennis elbow a painful
injury or inflammation of the tendon attached to
the elbow joint.
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• Sudden injuries
• The strain put on the body owing to lots of
  stretching, twisting and turning, often resulting
  in injuries such as hamstring pulls.

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• Externally caused injuries
• Caused by factors other than the performer
  themselves, such as equipment, opponent and
  playing conditions.
• Foul play usually involves opponents and these
  types of injuries can often be quite serious.
  This is why there are rules to stop them
  happening.
• Impact injuries Physical impact is permitted
  within the rules of many sports (rugby,
  hockey,football) and also happens in many others
  (basketball). There can also be contact with
  equipment, (footy boots, hockey sticks, vaulting
  boxes) and impact with the playing surface itself.

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Equipment / clothing Faulty or damaged
equipment. Badly fitting or inappropriate
clothing. Accidents Whatever precautions are in
place, there will unfortunately always be some
accidents resulting in injury!
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Precautions Carry out a risk assessment and
follow findings. Carry out a warm up before
exercise. Follow ( enforce) rules.
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How to Avoid overuse Injuries

• Develop correct technique Poor long distance
  running technique leads to back injuries.
• Choose kit and equipment carefully,
• especially footwear.
• Allow enough time for full recovery between
  training sessions and/or events.

• Follow heavy training days with light days. As
  your body adapts to training it recovers, if you
  dont recover youll gain no training adaptation.

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How to avoid sudden Injuries

• Consider the event itself
• Make sure you play at the right level for you. It
  can be dangerous to play against people who are
  bigger,stronger or more skilful.
• Know the rules of the sport and obey them. They
  were developed to protect you as well as test
  your skill.

• Pay attention to advice or warnings given by
  coaches, referees and other officials.

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What Be aware of the action to take if an
accident or emergency occurs. Have a
knowledge of injuries associated with
different activities. Be aware of particular
injuries and the actions that may be
taken. How Powerpoint Discussion Why To
improve your knowledge of injuries for real
life situations and your GCSE exam.
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HEAD INJURIES

• You should place the person in the coma position
  making sure they can breathe easily check nose
  and mouth for blockages if they are not
  breathing you will need to follow CPR.

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Concussion can occur. Apparent from loss of
consciousness, very relaxed limbs, weak pulse,
slow/shalllow breathing, dilated pupils or
bleeding from the ears. Get expert help
immediately Dilated enlarged, expanded or
widened.
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Bone and Joint Injuries

• Fractured bones
• A fracture is a break or crack in a bone. In a
  SIMPLE or CLOSED fracture the skin is not
  broken. In an OPEN or COMPOUND fracture the skin
  is damaged too.

• Signs and Symptoms
• The casualty may have heard or felt a snap.
• Pain and tenderness around the injury.
• The casualty cant move the part normally.
• Swelling and bruising occur.
• The limb may look deformed and twisted.

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Types of Fractures

• There are several types of fracture, each
  differing due to the age of the bone and the type
  of impact, blow or pressure placed on it.
• Greenstick A pressure or impact buckles or bends
  a bone but only partially breaks it. This
  fracture is common in the developing bones of
  young children, whose bones are quite springy.

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• Closed fractures are more common and mean that
  the skin isn't broken
• Open fractures involve the broken end of the bone
  coming through the skin
• All fractures usually cause bruising and swelling
  because of associated damage to surrounding blood
  vessels

• They are also very painful because nerves within
  the bone are damaged
• A stress fracture is a thin crack in a bone,
  which can be caused by overuse and continuous
  stress to the bone. These are common in the legs
  of runners and soldiers. Stress fractures are the
  only form of overuse bone injury, all other
  fractures are sudden
• Any suspected fracture should be x-rayed

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SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

• Soft tissue is basically anything that isn't
  bone! So muscles, ligaments, tendons, skin,
  cartilage etc. Soft tissue injuries can be either
  overuse or sudden. They can also be open or
  closed
• Open
• Open injuries are when the skin is broken through
  cuts, grazes etc

• Closed
• Closed injuries happen when the skin stays
  intact, and the injury is underneath the skin.
• EXAMPLES
• Sprains - ligament damage. Ligaments attach bones
  to bones and keep a joint together. Sprains can
  occur as a result of a violent twisting or
  side-ways movement to the joint (such as when you
  roll the ankle over and sprain it)

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SOFT TISSUE INJURIES (CONT)

• Strains - muscle damage. These are also known as
  pulled muscles and can vary in severity with some
  only causing minor damage and other tearing the
  whole muscle (a rupture)! These are usually
  caused by overstretching. The hamstrings are the
  most common example

• Bruising - bleeding underneath the skin. This
  usually happens as a result of an impact such as
  being hit with a cricket ball

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SOFT TISSUE INJURIES (CONT)

• Dislocations - a bone is pulled away from the
  normal joint position. The most common example is
  the shoulder, where the humerus (arm bone) is
  pulled out of the socket. This can cause damage
  to the surrounding soft tissues and must be
  scanned with an MRI before being repositioned

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SOFT TISSUE INJURIES (CONT)

• Cartilage tears - cartilage within the knee is
  most commonly injured. This happens through
  violent twisting or impacts which force the knee
  out of line

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Hypothermia A rapid cooling of the body when the
temperature drops very quickly. If the person is
wearing wet clothing remove these immediately and
wrap them in dry clothing or blankets.
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Sprain the overstretching or tearing of
ligaments at a joint. Strain the
overstretching of a muscle rather than a joint
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RICE TREATMENT

• For joint and muscle injuries including sprains,
  strains, cramp, dislocations and pulled muscles
• R - REST
• I - ICE
• C - COMPRESSION
• E - ELEVATION

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Rest stop straight away Ice reduces
swelling and relieves pain Compression
Bandage or tape affected to give support and
pressure. (Dont over tighten as this could
restrict blood flow!) Elevation Raise injured
body part to decrease circulation to the area
and drain away any other fluids.
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SHOCK

• 2 Types of shock
• Primary shock faintness which comes on straight
  after an emotional or traumatic event passes
  quite quickly with reassurance an keeping warm.
• True shock far more serious. This comes about
  after a serious injury e.g. a bad cut or
  fracture. The person will be close to collapse,
  grey in colour and probably shaking. It is
  essential that they are treated in hospital. Call
  an ambulance immediately.

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Cuts These can vary in size and seriousness.
However all cuts should be treated in order to
avoid possible infection. Clean and dress cut
with a plaster for small cuts and a bandage for
larger ones.
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GENERAL RULES TO FOLLOW

• Do not move the person unless you are sure what
  the injury is,
• If they are unconscious or have been you must
  phone an ambulance as they must be checked.
• Look at the damaged area and see if there are any
  signs of injury if it is obvious , cuts or
  wounds then ask if they can move the area of
  injury and stop the bleeding- by pressure with a
  clean cloth or bandage.
• If there is no cut talk to the person? does it
  hurt, can you move it? Then look for swellings,
  misshapen areas or tenderness.

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• If they feel able to stand and move on their own
  then they should decide if they are able to
  continue any doubts at all Stop. Playing on can
  really aggravate what was a non serious injury.
• If you have had problems going through these
  stages then you must get expert help straight
  away big difference between first aid and
  medical treatment.

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Key Terms

• Stress fractures a break in the bone caused by
  repeated application of a heavy load or constant
  pounding on a surface, such as running
• Tennis Elbow a painful injury or inflammation
  of the tendon attached to the elbow joint
• Dilated enlarged, expanded or widened.
• Sprains the overstretching or tearing of
  ligaments at a joint
• Strains the overstretching of a muscle, rather
  than a joint.