Session 10 Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction

1
Session 10Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction

• Gavin Smith, PhD
• University of North Carolina

Session 10 Catastrophe Readiness and Response
Course
2
Learning Objectives

• 10.1 Describe disaster recovery, including the
  issues faced following a major and catastrophic
  disaster
• 10.2 Discuss stakeholders and their roles in
  recovery
• 10.3 Describe and analyze the United States
  Disaster Recovery Assistance Framework

3
Defining Disaster Recovery

• Disaster recovery The differential process of
  restoring, rebuilding and reshaping the physical,
  social, economic and natural environment through
  pre-event planning and post-event actions (Smith
  and Wenger 2006)
• Catastrophic disaster recovery

4
Disaster Outcomes

• Positive Outcomes
• Hazard Mitigation
• Education
• Post-Event window of opportunity
• Increased investment
• Decreased levels of social conflict

5
Disaster Outcomes

• Negative Outcomes
• Degradation of the environment
• Failure to assist socially vulnerable populations
• Long-term or permanent closure of businesses
• Reduced investment
• Increased social conflict

6
In-Class Discussion

• Discuss the concept of a disaster as a window of
  opportunity
• Who are the beneficiaries and losers following
  disaster?

7
Elements of Recovery

• Physical Recovery
• Reconstruction
• Social Recovery
• Emergent groups
• Economic Recovery
• Continuity of operations plan
• Environmental Recovery

8
In-Class Discussion

• How do catastrophes impact the physical recovery
  or reconstruction of impacted communities?
• Issues to consider include
• Scope of the event
• Duration of recovery
• Intensity of the event

9
In-Class Discussion

• In the case of sea-level rise, how should coastal
  communities - which are highly dependent on
  tourism, tax revenue from ocean-front properties
  and the harvesting of coastal marine life (which
  are dependent on the health of degraded wetlands)
  - address these and other identified economic
  recovery challenges?

10
Disaster Recovery Process

• The process emerges from the initial response to
  a disaster and transitions into initial
  short-term recovery efforts
• Recovery involves more than reconstruction
• Following a major or catastrophic disaster
  recovery can take more than a decade (in some
  locations, organizations and individuals will
  never return to their pre-disaster condition)
• The transition from short-term to long-term
  recovery is often difficult and uncertain

11
In-Class Discussion

• Should Hurricane Katrina be categorized as a
  catastrophic event? Why or why not?
• Are there other measures of physical, economic,
  social and environmental impacts that should be
  considered? If so, what are they?

12
Disaster Recovery Process
13
Disaster Recovery Process

• Emergency Period
• Restoration Period
• Reconstruction I
• Reconstruction II

14
In-Class Discussion

• Does this model adequately address the issues
  associated with a catastrophic event? If not,
  what factors are missing?
• Missing elements
• Other critiques

15
10.2 Discuss Stakeholders and their Roles in
Recovery

• Stakeholders
• Public Sector (federal, state and local
  governments)
• Quasi-governmental and Non-governmental (regional
  planning organizations, professional
  associations, colleges and universities)
• Nonprofit Relief Organizations (non-profits and
  foundations)
• International Aid Organizations and Nations
• Private Sector and For-Profit Organizations
  (businesses and corporations, financial and
  lending institutions, insurance, media)
• Emergent Groups and Individuals

16
Public Sector

• Key Federal Agencies
• FEMA
• Small Business Administration
• U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
• Department of Housing and Urban Development
• The Military
• Others
• National Response Framework

17
Emergency Support Functions(as defined by FEMA)

• ESF 1 Transportation
• ESF 2 Communications
• ESF 3 Public Works and Engineering
• ESF 4 Firefighting
• ESF 5 Emergency Management
• ESF 6 Mass Care, Emergency Assistance, Housing
  and Human Services
• ESF 7 Resource Support
• ESF 8 Public Health and Medical Services
• ESF 9 Search and Rescue
• ESF 10 Oil and Hazardous Materials Response
• ESF 11 Agriculture and Natural Resources
• ESF 12 Energy
• ESF 13 Public Safety and Security
• ESF 14 Long-Term Community Recovery
• ESF 15 External Affairs

18
State Agencies and Organizations

• State Emergency Management Agency
• Governors Office
• State Legislature
• Department of Natural Resources
• Department of Commerce
• State Budget Office
• State Planning Office
• Department of Public Health
• Others

19
State Emergency Management Agency

• Maintained by each state
• Responsibilities
• Oversee comprehensive emergency management
  program
• Develop and implement training, education and
  outreach program
• Coordination of state assets and agencies after a
  disaster
• Liaison to FEMA pre- and post-event
• Administrator of federal programs following
  disasters
• Public Assistance
• Hazard Mitigation Grant Program
• Individual Assistance
• Administration of state recovery programs (if
  they exist)

Session 10 Catastrophe Readiness and Response
Course
20
Governors Office

• Emergency Powers designation
• Committing state assets
• State disaster declaration
• Establish evacuation routes
• Request federal assistance following disasters
• Designating a State Coordinating Officer
• Enter into mutual aid agreements
• Public face of disaster
• Seek additional funding through state legislature

Session 10 Catastrophe Readiness and Response
Course
21
State Legislature

• Appropriate state funds for disaster assistance
• Non-federal match
• State programs
• State rainy day fund
• Establish post-disaster recovery commission
• State budget emergency management

Session 10 Catastrophe Readiness and Response
Course
22
Local Government

• Government Actors
• City Manager
• Financial Official
• Public Works Director
• Planning Director
• Police Chief
• Fire Chief
• Building Official
• Local Floodplain Administrator
• Local Emergency Manager

Session 10 Catastrophe Readiness and Response
Course
23
Quasi-governmental and Nongovernmental
Organizations

• Regional planning organizations
• Professional associations
• Colleges and universities

Session 10 Catastrophe Readiness and Response
Course
24
Regional Planning Organizations

• Write and implement local grant programs
• Local land-use planning and plan-writing
• Collect and analyze data
• Assume local governance tasks

Session 10 Catastrophe Readiness and Response
Course
25
Professional Associations

• Critically analyze recovery activities / offer
  solutions
• Provide expert opinion
• Mobilize association members
• Conduct post-disaster damage assessments
• Provide pre- and post-disaster planning
  assistance
• Advocate for changes in building standards, codes
  or other activities tied to their area of
  expertise

Session 10 Catastrophe Readiness and Response
Course
26
Professional associations involved in recovery
include

• Association of State Floodplain Managers
• National Emergency Management Association
• International Association of Emergency Managers
• American Planning Association
• American Institute of Architects

27
Colleges and Universities

• Conduct hazards-related research
• Teach growing cadre of students interested in
  hazards management
• Provide post-event technical assistance

Session 10 Catastrophe Readiness and Response
Course
28
Non-profit Relief Organizations

• Non-profits
• Food, shelter, clothing, medical assistance,
  counseling and crisis management
• Repair and reconstruction of damaged housing
• Advocate for the protection of natural systems
• Capacity building
• Technical experts
• Foundations
• Provision of gap funding
• Share information
• Mobilize public opinion
• Identify shortfalls in the recovery assistance
  system

Session 10 Catastrophe Readiness and Response
Course
29
International Aid Organizations and Nations

• Link international assistance with local needs
• Identify appropriate diplomatic
  channels/organizations to funnel relief
• Draw international attention to a major disaster
  or catastrophe

Session 10 Catastrophe Readiness and Response
Course
30
Private Sector and For-Profit Organizations

• The Private Sector includes the following
  organizations
• Businesses and Corporations
• Financial and Lending Institutions
• Insurance
• Media

31
Business and Corporations

• Contractors and consultants
• Debris removal
• Deployment of assets
• Writing and administering of grants
• Repairing and reconstruction following disaster
• Local business aid
• Corporate aid
• Financial and lending aid
• Insurance
• Media

Session 10 Catastrophe Readiness and Response
Course
32
Emergent Groups and Individuals

• Emergent Groups
• Share information
• Advocate for the equitable distribution of
  assistance
• Assert the nature of local needs
• Individuals
• Share experiential lessons
• Identify and articulate local needs
• Grass-roots activism

Session 10 Catastrophe Readiness and Response
Course
33
10.3 The Disaster Recovery Assistance Framework

• Members of the Disaster Assistance Network
• Public Sector
• Quasi-governmental and Nongovernmental
  Organizations
• Nonprofit Relief Organizations
• International Aid Organizations and Nations
• Private Sector and For-Profit Organizations
• Emergent Groups and Individuals

Session 10 Catastrophe Readiness and Response
Course
34
The Disaster Recovery Assistance Framework

• Types of Assistance
• Funding
• Policy
• Technical Assistance
• Framework Characteristics
• Rules and understanding of local needs
• Timing of disaster assistance
• Horizontal and vertical integration

Session 10 Catastrophe Readiness and Response
Course
35
Rules and Understanding of Local Needs
Session 10 Catastrophe Readiness and Response
Course
36
Timing of Disaster Assistance
Session 10 Catastrophe Readiness and Response
Course
37
In-Class Discussion

• How does the adoption of hazard mitigation
  measures slow or speed the process of disaster
  recovery?
• Issues to consider include
• The timeframe in which mitigation measures are
  implemented
• The role of pre-disaster hazard mitigation
  planning

Session 10 Catastrophe Readiness and Response
Course
38
Horizontal and Vertical Integration
Session 10 Catastrophe Readiness and Response
Course
39
Disaster Recovery Planning

• Benefits of recovery planning
• Berke, Kartez and Wenger (1993)
• Oliver-Smith (1990)
• Olson, Olson and Gawronski (1998)
• Findings largely qualitative

Session 10 Catastrophe Readiness and Response
Course
40
Recovery Planning

• Pre-disaster
• Planning tools (see Figure 4)
• Post-disaster
• Emergency phase
• Long-term recovery and reconstruction
• Importance of planning process
• Public participation
• Policy dialogue
• Facilitation
• Negotiated rule-making

Session 10 Catastrophe Readiness and Response
Course
41
The Disaster Recovery Plan

• Evaluation of existing plans and policies
• Assessment of legal authorities
• Creation of local recovery committee
• Implementation strategy

Session 10 Catastrophe Readiness and Response
Course
42
The Disaster Recovery Plan

• Topical elements
• Damage and needs assessments
• Post-disaster permitting
• Building moratorium
• Debris management
• Restoration of public services
• Repair of infrastructure
• Critical facilities
• Housing (emergency shelter, temporary, permanent)
• Public health, social services
• Business and economic recovery
• Hazard mitigation

Session 10 Catastrophe Readiness and Response
Course
43
Reluctance to Plan for Recovery

• Negative outcomes
• Poor coordination (horizontal and vertical) among
  stakeholder groups
• Increased length of time required to recover
• Lower levels of public participation
• Reduced understanding of local needs
• Missed opportunities to incorporate hazard
  mitigation into recovery
• Increased dependence on federal assistance
  following disasters

Session 10 Catastrophe Readiness and Response
Course
44
In-Class Exercise

• Discuss the Model Recovery and Reconstruction
  Ordinance (Schwab, et. al. 1998) in the context
  of the Disaster Assistance Framework

Session 10 Catastrophe Readiness and Response
Course
45
Take Home Exercise

• Create an outline of a disaster recovery plan for
  your hometown or designated community

Session 10 Catastrophe Readiness and Response
Course
46
In-Class Discussions

• Discuss the factors that could stimulate a
  greater awareness of the importance of pre-event
  planning for post-disaster recovery
• Discuss and critically analyze the Disaster
  Assistance Framework

Session 10 Catastrophe Readiness and Response
Course