AP Chemistry Exam Review

1
AP Chemistry Exam Review

• Use your Big Idea Bundle to Review the Topics
• Be sure to work out MC FRQ problems covering
  each topic.
• What you will need to review everyday
• A review book
• Make sure it has explanations to all the answers,
  especially the multiple choice.
• Your organized notebook labeled by topic
• Vocab quizzes will also help you assess weak
  conceptual areas.
• Make sure you have the FRQs from every power
  point, they are better practice than the review
  book because they are old AP FRQs.
• Reference sheets (use official AP ones so they
  are familiar)
• Periodic Table Equation Sheets
• Calculator (scientific or graphing with no QWERTY
  keyboard)
• The one you will use on the exam so you are
  comfortable with it.
• ONLY to be used on the FRQ section.

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AP Exam Format

• Section I Multiple Choice (50)
• 60 questions, 90 minutes
• No calculator, Periodic Table Equation Sheets
  may be used, Pencil only.
• Answer every question (even if you are guessing)
• Section II Free Response Questions (50)
• 7 questions with use of all Equation Sheets
  Calculator, Pen (blue/black ink) or Pencil.
• Total time 105 (1 hr 45 min)
• Long Response (3 questions 20 each of section
  II score)
• Have more parts 10 points each 15-20 minutes
  each
• TEND to cover topics equilibrium, thermo,
  kinetics, electro and/or a quantitative lab based
  question (titration, molar volume of a gas,
  colligative properties, percent of water in a
  hydrate, etc.). Always with either gas laws,
  stoichiometry, or both.
• Short Response (4 questions - 10 each of
  section II score)
• Usually 2 to 3 parts max 7-10 minutes each
• TEND to be more conceptual topics periodic
  trends, bonding, intermolecular forces, kinetic
  molecular theory or reaction topics named above)
  and/or qualitative lab based.
• Recently some math based problems have shown up
  thermo, Ksp

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AP Exam Topic Distribution

• Big Idea 5
• Bond Enthalpy (ch. 6)
• Heats of Formation (ch. 6)
• Hess Law (ch. 6)
• Entropy (S) (ch. 17)
• Gibbs Free Energy (G) (ch. 17)
• Electrochemisty connection to Free Energy (ch.
  18)
• Big Idea 6
• Equilibrium
• Gaseous (ch. 13)
• Solubility Product (ch. 16)
• Acid/Base (ch. 14)
• Titration (LAB)
• Buffers (ch. 15)
• Descriptive Chemistry
• Common ion/precipitate colors
• Common flame test colors
• Reaction prediction

• Big Idea 1
• Atom Theory Structure (ch. 7)
• Periodic Trends (ch. 7)
• Photons/Plancks Constant
• Spectroscopy (visible spectrum)
• Big Idea 2
• Chemical Bonding (ch. 8)
• Molecular Models Geometry (ch. 9)
• Gases (ch. 5)
• Gas Collectrion (LAB)
• Liquids Solids (ch. 10)
• Big Idea 3
• Stoichiometry (ch. 3 4)
• Enthalpy (ch. 6)
• Calorimetry (LAB)
• Energy Diagrams (ch. 6)
• Exo vs Endo
• Heating curve
• Redox (ch. 4)

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Review Day 1 Big Idea 1 2

• Atomic Theory Structure
• You should be able to
• Discuss the development of the atom from its
  earliest model to modern day atom (Dalton,
  Thompson, Rutherford, etc.).
• Identify the correct of subatomic particles for
  atoms, ions, isotopes.
• Calculate the average atomic mass of an atom from
  isotopic data.
• Name compounds and write chemical formulas (know
  your polyatomic ions)
• Find the appropriate section in your review book
  and complete as many multiple choice questions as
  you can in 15 minutes (should be around 15
  questions), then you will have 5 minutes to check
  your answer (anything you get wrong mark to go
  over at home).

5
Review Day 1 Continued

• Atomic Structure Periodicity
• You should be able to
• Identify characteristics of and perform
  calculations with frequency wavelength.
• Know the relationship between types of
  electromagnetic radiation and energy (EMS)
• Know what exhibits continuous and line spectra.
• Write the complete and abbreviated electron
  configurations as well as orbital diagrams for
  atoms and ions.
• Identify the number and (probable) location of
  the valence electrons in an atom.
• Apply trends in atomic properties such as atomic
  radii, ionization energy, electronegativity,
  electron affinity, and ionic radii.
• Find the appropriate section in your review book
  and complete as many multiple choice questions as
  you can in 15 minutes (should be around 15
  questions), then you will have 5 minutes to check
  your answer (anything you get wrong mark to go
  over at home).

6
Review Day 1 Continued

• Chemical Bonding Structure
• You should know
• The characteristics of ionic and covalent
  bonding.
• The relative sizes of ions.
• The effect of lattice energy on melting points of
  ionic compounds (Coulombs Law).
• How to use electronegativity to predict the
  polarity of covalent bonds.
• How to draw Lewis structures (electron dot
  diagrams) for molecular compounds and polyatomic
  ions.
• How to draw resonance structures.
• How to assign molecular shapes using VSEPR
  Theory.
• You will NOT need to know formal charge or
  molecular orbital theory.
• Find the appropriate section in your review book
  and complete as many multiple choice questions as
  you can in 15 minutes (should be around 15
  questions), then you will have 5 minutes to check
  your answer (anything you get wrong mark to go
  over at home).

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Review Day 1 Big Idea 2

• Gases
• You should be able to
• Perform calculations with gas laws (Boyles,
  Charles, Avagadros, Combined, Daltons Ideal)
• Perform calculations with the ideal gas law to
  find the density or molar mass of the gas.
• Interpret or draw graphical relationships between
  gas variables.
• Perform stoichiometric calculations for reactions
  which produce gases.
• Perform calculations with molar volume.
• Perform calculations for gases collected over
  water.
• Perform calculations with rates of
  effusion/diffusion to find the molar mass.
• Perform calculations with root mean square
  velocity.
• Use kinetic molecular theory to explain gas
  behavior.
• Compare real gases to ideal gases.
• Find the appropriate section in your review book
  and complete as many multiple choice questions as
  you can in 15 minutes (should be around 15
  questions), then you will have 5 minutes to check
  your answer (anything you get wrong mark to go
  over at home if time allows in class).

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Review Day 1 Continued

• Liquids Solids
• You should be able to
• Explain how intermolecular forces affect
  properties of liquids (this can also be applied
  to samples of gases).
• Explain surface tension, capillary action,
  viscosity, vapor pressure, melting and boiling
  points.
• Rank substances in order of decreasing or
  increasing properties such as boiling and
  melting points.
• Understand the different types of solids and know
  examples of each.
• Know characteristic points of heating curves and
  phase diagrams (for example, triple point
  diagrams)
• Find the appropriate section in your review book
  and complete as many multiple choice questions as
  you can in 15 minutes (should be around 15
  questions), then you will have 5 minutes to check
  your answer (anything you get wrong mark to go
  over at home if time allows in class).

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Review Day 2 Big Idea 3 4

• Stoichiometry
• You should understand
• Moles, mass, representative particles, molar
  mass, and avagadros .
• The composition of an element in a compound.
• Balanced chemical equations and the molar ratio.
• Limiting reactants.
• Reactions in solution (solution stoichiometry)
• The percent yield of a reaction.
• Find the appropriate section in your review book
  and complete as many multiple choice questions as
  you can in 15 minutes (should be around 15
  questions), then you will have 5 minutes to check
  your answer (anything you get wrong mark to go
  over at home).

10
Review Day 2 Continued

• Thermochemistry (includes Big Idea 5 concepts)
• You should be able to
• Perform stoichiometric calculations with
  enthalpy.
• Perform calculations with specific heat.
• Discuss how a calorimeter is used and perform
  related calculations.
• Draw, label, and perform associated calculations
  for heating curves involving specific heat and
  enthalpy changes.
• Perform calculations with Hess Law.
• Perform calculations with standard heats of
  formations.
• Compare the absolute entropies of elements and
  compounds.
• Perform calculations with entropy.
• Perform calculations with free energy.
• Use the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation to explain
  spontaneity.
• Find the appropriate section in your review book
  and complete as many multiple choice questions as
  you can in 15 minutes (should be around 15
  questions), then you will have 5 minutes to check
  your answer (anything you get wrong mark to go
  over at home).

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Review Day 2 Continued

• Kinetics
• You should be able to
• Identify factors that affect reaction rates.
• Calculate the rate of production of a product or
  consumption of a reactant using mole ratios and
  the given rate.
• Determine the rate law for a reaction from given
  data, overall order, and value of the rate
  constant, inclusive of units.
• Determine the instantaneous rate of a reaction.
• Use integrated rate laws to determine
  concentrations at a certain time and create
  graphs to determine the order of a reaction.
• Write the rate law from a given mechanism given
  the speeds of each elementary step.
• Write the overall reaction for a mechanism and
  identify catalysts and intermediates present.
• Determine the activation energy for the reaction
  using the Arrhenius equation.
• Graphically determine the activation energy using
  the Arrhenius equations.
• We did this topic quickly and some material was
  not covered you will need to read about it in
  your review book.
• Find the appropriate section in your review book
  and read about the information you are not
  familiar with and then complete some multiple
  choice questions in about 15 minutes. Then check
  answers.

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Review Day 2 Continued

• Electrochemistry
• You should be able to
• Identify and compare the two types of
  electrochemical cells galvanic and electrolytic.
• Draw and label a galvanic cell, including
  labeling the electrodes, the flow of electrons,
  and the flow of ions.
• Write the half reactions and determine which
  reactions occur at the anode and the cathode.
• Give the line notation for a galvanic cell or
  write a balanced redox from the line notation.
• Calculate the cell potential for a galvanic cell
  and an electrolytic cell.
• Calculate the cell potential under nonstandard
  conditions when the solutions are not 1.0 M (the
  Nernst Equation).
• Determine the strengths of oxidizing and reducing
  agents.
• Draw and label an electrolytic cell, including
  reactions that occur at the anode and cathode.
• Perform stoichiometric calculations involving
  electrolysis.
• Find the appropriate section in your review book
  and complete as many multiple choice questions as
  you can in 15 minutes (should be around 15
  questions), then you will have 5 minutes to check
  your answer (anything you get wrong mark to go
  over at home).

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Review Day 2 Homework

• You must select and complete (neatly) 1 old FRQ
  that assesses any gaseous or precipitation
  equilibrium topic (this topic will always be in
  Part A, question 1).
• Time yourself (remember you only have 55 minutes
  for ALL of Part A - less than 20 min a question).
  
• The AP question must come from the released FRQs
  on collegeboards website.
• On top of the first page label the year and
  question number you selected.
• Select a year that has released scoring
  guidelines.
• Complete the question in one color ink and then
  check your answer using the scoring guidelines on
  the website with a different color ink.
• You will not get credit for your homework if your
  answers are not checked in different color.
• Write the points you received out of possible
  points on the top of the front page grade is
  received upon completion NOT this score, so dont
  lie or copy, you will only be hurting
  yourself!!!!

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Review Day 3 Big Idea 5 6

• Acids/Bases
• You should be able to
• Understand the acid-base theories of Arrhenius
  Bronsted-Lowry.
• Identify strong acids and bases and calculate
  their pHs.
• Calculate the pH of a weak acid or base.
• Calculate the concentration of a strong acid/base
  or weak acid/base from the pH.
• Calculate the pH and ion concentrations in a
  polyprotic acid.
• Predict the pH of a salt from its formula and
  then calculate the pH of the salt.
• Identify the components of a buffer and perform
  calculations involving the preparation of a
  buffer and the addition of a strong acid or
  strong base to a buffer.
• Perform calculations involving titrations
  involving strong and weak acids/bases.
• Be familiar with titration curves and selection
  of an acid-base indicator.
• Find the appropriate section in your review book
  and complete as many multiple choice questions as
  you can in 15 minutes (should be around 15
  questions), then you will have 5 minutes to check
  your answer (anything you get wrong mark to go
  over at home).

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Review Day 3 Homework

• You must select and complete (neatly) 1 old FRQ
  that assesses any acid/base topic (this topic
  will almost always be in Part A, question 1 if
  assessing equilibrium).
• Time yourself (remember you only have 55 minutes
  for ALL of Part A - less than 20 min a question).
  
• The AP question must come from the released FRQs
  on collegeboards website.
• On top of the first page label the year and
  question number you selected.
• Select a year that has released scoring
  guidelines.
• Complete the question in one color ink and then
  check your answer using the scoring guidelines on
  the website with a different color ink.
• You will not get credit for your homework if your
  answers are not checked in different color.
• Write the points you received out of possible
  points on the top of the front page grade is
  received upon completion NOT this score, so dont
  lie or copy, you will only be hurting
  yourself!!!!

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Review Day 3 Big Idea 6

• Equilibrium
• You should be able to
• Write the equilibrium constant expression for a
  given reaction.
• Calculate Q and compare it to K to determine if a
  reaction is at equilibrium.
• Manipulate K if a reaction is reversed or
  multiplied be a coefficient.
• Calculate K from given equilibrium concentrations
  or vice versa.
• Do calculations involving gaseous equilibria and
  partial pressures.
• Compare K values found using concentrations and
  partial pressures.
• Use Le Chateliers Principle to determine what
  direction the position of equilibrium will shift
  when a change (stress) is imposed.
• Find the appropriate section in your review book
  and complete as many multiple choice questions as
  you can in 15 minutes (should be around 15
  questions), then you will have 5 minutes to check
  your answer (anything you get wrong mark to go
  over at home).

17
Review Day 3 Continued

• Solubility (Ksp)
• You should be able to
• Write balanced equations for the dissolution of a
  salt and its corresponding solubility product
  expression.
• Predict the relative solubilities of salts which
  dissolve to give the same number of ions from
  their Ksp values.
• Calculate the Ksp value from the solubility of a
  salt.
• Calculate the solubility of a salt in M or g/L
  when given the Ksp.
• Predict the effect of a common ion on the
  solubility of a salt and perform calculations.
• Perform calculations to predict if a precipitate
  will form when 2 solution are mixed.
• Do problems involving selective precipitation.
• Perform calculations involving complex ions and
  solubility.
• Use qualitative analysis to separate a mixture of
  ions.
• Find the appropriate section in your review book
  and complete as many multiple choice questions as
  you can in 15 minutes (should be around 15
  questions), then you will have 5 minutes to check
  your answer (anything you get wrong mark to go
  over at home).

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Topics to Cover on Your Own

• The last two topics are really assessing your
  exposure to lab and basic chemistry knowledge
  it really requires basic chemistry knowledge and
  memorization.
• Use your review book to review these topics and
  complete multiple choice questions
• Descriptive Chemistry
• Reaction Prediction (Being able to write Basic,
  Ionic Net Ionic Equations).
• Know the role (or lack thereof of spectators)
• Be able to understand and draw particulate
  (visual) reperesntations
• There is also a review sheet of descriptive
  colors on my website
• Laboratory
• Use a review book to review lab equipment and
  standard lab calculations.

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Preparing for the ExamMay 1st _at_ 8am in the Tech
II Building (dont be late)Breakfast served in
my room _at_ 730am!!!!!!!!!

• Use the practice exam to be done in class right
  before the AP Exam to assess last minute areas
  you need to review.
• When practicing multiple choice questions make
  sure you understand why you get them wrong.
• Dont just go over FRQs redo them until you get
  every part without looking at answers.
• Get a good nights sleep the night before.
• Eat breakfast so you can have energy and be
  alert.
• Bring things that comfort you (lucky pencil, gum,
  etc.)
• Bring your picture ID, sharpened pencils, pens,
  and backup calculator or batteries.
• Remember, if our are taking AP Environmental
  (APE), you should have arranged a reschedule of
  the APE exam with Ms. Gentile.
• AP Psychology is right after this examsorry
  sophomores
• GOOD LUCK!!!!

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Message from Mrs. Andre

• First, there is a pattern to the colors in this
  presentation, you should be able to decipher it ?
  - I know, I am a nerd (and proud of it!).
• Second, please try your best!!!! We have worked
  very hard to get to this point. You have to have
  the confidence that you have learned chemistry
  (something had to sink in since August ?).
• The worst thing you can do is give up, DO NOT put
  your head down, I will find out and be very
  disappointed ?.
• Finally, no matter how you do I AM PROUD OF
  YOU!!!!!!!!! Taking college level chemistry in
  high school is not easy, you have challenged
  yourself and it will pay off in some way.
• And in the shocking and rare event you do not
  pass.DO NOT avoid me next year, stop by and say
  hello ?.