SETTLEMENT PATTERNS/ URBAN GEOGRAPHY

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SETTLEMENT PATTERNS/ URBAN GEOGRAPHY
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SUBJECT OVERVIEW

• Defining Urbanism
• SETTLEMENTS
• ORIGINS OF SETTLEMENTS
• TYPES OF SETTLEMENTS
• DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS
• CITY HISTORY
• URBAN PATTERNS

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What is Urbanism?

• Depends on time and culture
• The size of the stationary population is part of
  the picture but it varies according to the
  historical context and location
• The size of a city varies geographically
  Portugal10,000, Ethiopia2,000, Norway200
• Therefore, urbanism usually is qualified by a
  population considered large for its time and place

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What makes a City a City?

• Population alone does not make a city a stadium
  may hold many people, but is it a city?
• There must also be government of some kind.
• There must also be definable boundaries even if
  they change over time.
• Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) used to
  calculate a citys boundaries a city center and
  its immediately interacting counties

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What makes a City a City

• The economy is another layer in classifying it as
  rural or urban economic diversity
• A cultural layer also plays a role in defining a
  places degree of urbanity or cityness
  cultural diversity
• So, a clear definition of urban or city more of a
  process of comparison than a sentence or two it
  depends!

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Hearths of Urbanization

• Where did cities and urbanism, or urban life
  begin?
• The earliest cities were born around 3500 BCE
  spawned from agricultural villages
• Mesopotamia
• Indus River region
• Nile Valley
• Huang He River valle
• Mexico
• Peru

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Settlement

• Settlement - a permanent collection of buildings
  and inhabitants

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GEOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVE OF SETTLEMENTS

• Geographers are interested in the patterns of
  settlements and the interrelationship of
  settlements
• How do the patterns of settlements explain human
  culture?

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ORIGINS OF SETTLEMENTS

• Religious - graves, churches, temples
• Cultural - schools, libraries
• Political/Military - leaders house, walls
• Economic - stores, food

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TYPES OF SETTLEMENTS

• Rural Settlements - agriculture as the
  predominant occupation.
• Urban settlements - principal industries are
  secondary and tertiary.

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RURAL SETTLEMENTS

• Clustered rural settlements -grouped
  settlements in rural areas to minimize travel

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RURAL SETTLEMENTS

• Dispersed rural Settlements - isolated farms
  with enclosed continuous fields

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RURAL SETTLEMENTS IN THE EASTERN U.S.

• New England - clustered villages of the
  colonists
• Mid Atlantic - dispersed isolated farms of the
  Dutch, Swedes, Irish and Germans
• South - plantations (mansions surrounded by
  plantation services)

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DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS

• Prior to modern times most settlements were
  rural
• First Urban Settlement
• UR (modern day of Iraq)
• Other Early Cities
• Mycenae,Troy, Isle of Crete in Greece
• Settlements along the worlds great rivers

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DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS

• Athens - first city over 100,000
• by the 5th century BC over 300,000
• Rome - center of an empire 200 BC-400 AD
• all roads lead to Rome
• Paris, London, Vienna - all old Roman sites
• Mid-Evil Europe - after the fall of Rome
• urbanization decreased
• patterns of castles, walls narrow streets
• compact space surrounded by walls

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DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS

• Renaissance-Baroque Cities
• Renaissance 15-16th centuries
• Baroque 16-18th centuries
• development of wide avenues monuments
• Paris London rebuilt, Washington D.C.
• Industrial City
• 19th century to present
• city designed around industry and transportation
• most modern cities

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DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS

• Megalopolis -
• conurbation of a number of cities blended
  together without separation
• The Blob Lewis Mumford
• SMSA- Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area
• 40 of the worlds population lives in urban
  areas

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URBAN SMSAs

• First city with 1 million - London in 1810
• Over 1 million - 180 cities
• Over 10 million - LA, Buenos Aires, London,
  Bombay, Jakarta, Mexico City, New York City,
  Osaka, Paris, Rio De Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Seoul
• Over 30 million - Tokyo

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DEFINITION OF THE CITY

• Physical Definition of the City - Non- rural
  settlement that is, built up, economically
  functional, has a local government, and a legal
  boundary.
• Environmental Definition of the City
• urban dust domes
• (defined by pollution)
• heat island
• (defined by increased temperatures)

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GROWTH OF THE CITY

• Skyscrapers - using vertical space
• intensive use of land
• shops at street level
• professional offices at higher levels
• Outward Expansion
• advent of the automobile transportation routes
• decline of public transport

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OUTWARD EXPANSION (cont)

• Squatter Settlements - illegally erected shacks,
  cardboard structures and tents, due to rapid
  growth in cities of developing countries
• De-urbanization of the City
• suburbanism - legally independent cities
• cluster cities
• rural areas- preferable to urban lifestyle
• telecommuting - economic activity from a
  distance

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Sao Paulo squatter settlement
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DISTRIBUTION OF CITIES

• Physical Restraints
• Manufacturing - North East
• Retail Cities serving farmers - Mid West
• Resorts Retirement - Southwest
• Economic Functions
• site situation factors
• International Trade - Port Cities
• Entertainment Centers - Las Vegas

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DISTRIBUTION OF CITIES

• International Distribution
• Developed countries have a higher population
  living in urban areas
• Two thirds live in urban areas
• Developing countries have the greatest
  increases in the number of large urban
  settlements
• One quarter live in urban areas
• Most of the largest cities are in the
  developing regions

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URBAN PATTERNS
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URBAN PATTERNS

• City Center
• best known area, most visually distinctive
• San Francisco, London
• original site of settlement
• Central Business District
• retail office space
• assessable
• often a focal point with skyscrapers
• specialized stores for the office workers

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URBAN PATTERNS

• Zones in Transition
• mixed use with light industry
• transition from business to residential
• older neighborhoods (slums)
• home to ethnic groups not culturally integrated
• ghettos vs. ethnic neighborhood
• Suburbs
• residential
• nodes of retail services

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CENTRAL PLACE THEORY

• Threshold - number of people to support
• Range - distance people will travel for service

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SUBJECT REVIEW

• SETTLEMENTS
• ORIGINS OF SETTLEMENTS
• TYPES OF SETTLEMENTS
• DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS
• CITY HISTORY
• URBAN PATTERNS