Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system

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Title: Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system


1
Chapter 3
  • Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system

2
Overview
  • A fundamental skill of the physical therapist is
    to identify, analyze and solve problems related
    to human movement

3
Anatomical reference point
  • When describing movements it is necessary to have
    a starting position as the reference position.
    This starting position is referred to as the
    anatomical reference position.
  • The anatomical reference position for the human
    body is described as the erect standing position
    with the feet just slightly separated and the
    arms hanging by the side, the elbows straight and
    with the palms of the hand facing forward

4
Directional Terms
  • Superior or cranial Closer to the head
  • Inferior or caudal Closer to the feet
  • Anterior or ventral Toward the front of the
    body
  • Posterior or dorsal Toward the back of the body
  • Medial Toward the midline of the body
  • Lateral Away from the midline of the body

5
Directional Terms
  • Proximal Closer to the trunk
  • Distal Away from the trunk
  • Superficial Toward the surface of the body
  • Deep Away from the surface of the body in the
    direction of the inside of the body

6
Planes of the Body
  • There are three traditional planes of the body
    corresponding to the three dimensions of space
    sagittal, frontal, and transverse
  • Sagittal plane. Also known as the
    anterior-posterior or median plane. Divides the
    body vertically into left and right halves of
    equal size
  • Frontal plane. Also known as the lateral or
    coronal plane. Divides the body equally into
    front and back halves
  • Transverse plane. Also known as the horizontal
    plane. Divides the body equally into top and
    bottom halves

7
The Center and Line of Gravity
  • The center of gravity may be defined as the
    point at which the three planes of the body
    intersect each other
  • The line of gravity is defined as the vertical
    line at which the two vertical planes intersect
    each other

8
Axes of the Body
  • Three reference axes are used to describe human
    motion frontal, sagittal, and longitudinal. The
    axis around which the movement takes place is
    always perpendicular to the plane in which it
    occurs.

9
Axes of the Body
  • Frontal. The frontal axis, also known as the
    transverse axis, is perpendicular to the sagittal
    plane
  • Sagittal. The sagittal axis is perpendicular to
    the frontal plane
  • Longitudinal. The longitudinal axis, also known
    as the vertical axis is perpendicular to the
    transverse plane

10
The planes and axes for common movements
  • Flexion, extension, hyperextension, dorsiflexion,
    and plantar flexion occur in the sagittal plane
    around a frontal-horizontal axis
  • Abduction, adduction side flexion of the trunk
    elevation and depression of the shoulder girdle
    radial and ulnar deviation of the wrist eversion
    and inversion of the foot occur in the frontal
    plane around a sagittal-horizontal axis

11
The planes and axes for common movements
  • Rotation of the head, neck and trunk internal
    rotation and external rotation of the arm or leg
    horizontal adduction and abduction of the arm or
    thigh pronation and supination of the forearm
    occur in the transverse plane around the
    longitudinal axis
  • Circumduction involves an orderly sequence of
    circular movements that occur in the sagittal,
    frontal and intermediate oblique planes, so that
    segment as a whole incorporates a combination of
    flexion, extension, abduction and adduction

12
Kinematics
  • Kinematics is the study of motion. In studying
    joint kinematics, two major types of motion are
    involved
  • The osteokinematic
  • The arthrokinematic

13
Osteokinematic Motion
  • Osteokinematic motion occurs when any object
    forms the radius of an imaginary circle about a
    fixed point
  • The axis of rotation for osteokinematic motions
    is oriented perpendicular to the plane in which
    the rotation occurs

14
Osteokinematic motion
  • Examples of osteokinematic motion include
    abduction or adduction of the arm, flexion of the
    hip or knee, and side flexion of the trunk

15
Arthrokinematic Motion
  • Arthrokinematic movements are the motions
    occurring at the joint surfaces
  • Direction of movement based on the shape of the
    joint surfaces
  • Generally, joint surfaces can be either concave
    (female) or convex (male) in shape (ovoid), or a
    combination of both shapes (sellar)

16
Arthrokinematic Motion
  • The three types of movement occur at the
    articulating surfaces
  • Roll
  • Slide
  • Spin

17
Motion relationships
  • Osteokinematic and arthrokinematic motions are
    directly proportional to each other and one
    cannot occur completely without the other
  • Thus, if motion is reduced, one, or both, of
    these motions is at fault

18
Degrees of Freedom
  • The number of independent modes of motion at a
    joint is called the degrees of freedom (DOF)
  • A joint that can swing in one direction or can
    only spin, it is said to have 1 DOF. Example PIP
    joint
  • A joint that can spin and swing in one way only
    or it can swing in two completely distinct ways,
    but not spin, it is said to have 2 DOF. Example
    Tibiofemoral joint

19
Degrees of Freedom
  • If the joint can spin and also swing in two
    distinct directions then it is said to have 3 DOF
    . Example Glenohumeral joint

20
Conjunct Rotation
  • The rotation at a joint that accompanies the
    prime motion. Example supination of the forearm
    during elbow extension
  • Conjunct rotation is only under volitional
    control in joints with 3 DOF

21
Conjunct rotation
  • Where appropriate, mobilizing techniques must
    take into consideration both the relative shapes
    of the articulating surfaces, in addition to the
    conjunct rotation that is associated with a
    particular motion

22
Kinematic chains
  • The expression kinematic chain is used in
    rehabilitation to describe the function or
    activity of an extremity or trunk in terms of a
    series of linked chains

23
Kinematic chains
  • Closed kinematic chain
  • Various definitions
  • Fixation of the distal segment so that joint
    motion takes place in multiple planes and the
    limb is supporting weight

24
Kinematic chains
  • Open kinematic chain
  • All activities that involve the end segment of an
    extremity moving freely through space

25
Close-packed Position
  • The position of maximum congruity of the opposing
    joint surfaces is termed the close-packed
    position of the joint
  • Movements toward the close-packed position of a
    joint involve an element of joint compression
  • Position of maximum joint stability

26
Open-packed Position
  • The position of least joint congruity is termed
    the open-packed position
  • Movements away from the close-packed position
    involve an element of joint distraction
  • Position of least joint stability

27
Available Joint Motion
  • If a joint moves less than what is considered
    normal, or when compared to the same joint on the
    opposite extremity, it may be deemed hypomobile
  • A joint that moves more than considered normal,
    or when compared to the same joint on the
    opposite extremity, may be deemed hypermobile.

28
Available Joint Motion
  • Instability of a joint involves a disruption of
    the osseous and ligamentous structures of that
    joint, resulting in a loss of function
  • Factor of joint integrity, elastic energy,
    passive stiffness, and muscle activation
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