Persuasive Speaking

1
Persuasive Speaking
2
Reflection (name, Lab , Instructor)

1. What is one thing you learned from the content of
   the speeches during the Informative round?
2. What is one thing you learned about speech-making
   by watching others do it?
3. What is one thing you plan to do during the next
   assignment because of your experience during the
   informative round?
4. What is something you have been persuaded to do
   or to think about differently during the past
   year?

3
Agenda

• What is Persuasive Speaking?
• What are the requirements for our next
  assignment?
• How do I get started?
• Specific Purposes
• Policy Speeches (The 3 Ps)

4
Persuasive speaking can be contrasted with
informative speaking.

• The two appear on a continuum.
• Informative ---------------------- Persuasive

5
There are several points of contrast.

• Informative speaking reveals and clarifies
  options.

• Persuasive speaking urges us to choose from among
  options.

6
Points of Contrast

• Informative speaking asks the audience for little
  commitment.

• Persuasive speaking asks the audience for major
  commitment.

7
Points of Contrast

• Informative Speakers face limited ethical
  obligations.

• Persuasive speakers face extensive ethical
  obligations.

8
Points of Contrast

• The informative speaker is a teacher.

• The Persuasive speaker is a leader.

9
Points of Contrast

• Informative speeches rarely contain emotional
  appeals.

• Persuasive speeches typically include emotional
  appeals.

10
What kinds of persuasion are there?
11
One focus of persuasion is the question of fact.

• Something we can know to be true or false, but
  right now we can argue about it.
• Examples include predictions, historical
  controversy, or questions of existence.

12
A second focus of persuasion is the question of
value.

• something is right or wrong, moral or immoral, or
  better or worse than another thing.
• "To persuade my audience that it is wrong to
  share downloaded music files."
• "To persuade my audience that dorms are better
  than off campus housing."

13
A third focus of persuasion is the question of
policy.

• Some action should or should not be taken.
• To persuade my audience to donate blood.
• To persuade my audience that the city of Ames
  should/should not build a parking garage in
  campus town.
• To persuade my audience to support the expansion
  of the Childrens Health Insurance Program.
• The form is always "To persuade my audience that
  X should do Y."

14
Fact, Value or Policy?(this is ex. 2 p. 429 in
textbook)

• 1. To persuade my audience to donate time as a
  community volunteer.

15
Turn it into a fact issue

• To persuade my audience that experience as
  volunteers will help them on the job market.

16
Turn it into a value issue

• To persuade my audience that they have a moral
  obligation to become community volunteers.

17
Turn it into a different kind of policy

• To persuade my audience that the U.S. should
  adopt a mandatory youth community service
  program.

18
Fact, Value, or Policy?

• 5. Look at what you wrote for 4 on the
  reflection was it a fact, value or policy issue
  you were persuaded about? Explain briefly.
• If you have nothing for 4, then tell me
  what this statement is To persuade my audience
  that violence on television is a major cause of
  violent behavior in society. And turn it into a
  specific purpose statement for a question of
  policy.

19
Your Assignment See your workbook, pp. 46-50

• Goals A Policy Speech
• Topics approved, substantial, controversial
  and submitted on WebCT by Friday at 8 p.m.
• Time 8 minutes
• Sources minimum of 4 strong sources review
  guidelines about sources in W pp. 53, 57-58

20
Your Assignment

• Visual Aiddiscretion of lab instructor
• Extemporaneous delivery
• Preparation outlines due by workshopnext Tuesday
  
• Formal final outline due on speaking day
• Speaking outline to deliver from

21
What do I do next?

• Persuasive Speech Policy Analysis

22
One type of Persuasive speech Aims to Gain
Passive Agreement

• To persuade my audience that the Iowa legislature
  should adopt new laws to better protect the
  victims of domestic abuse.
• To persuade my audience that the federal
  government should impose a ban on all advertising
  for cigarettes and other tobacco products.

23
The Other Type of Policy Speech Aims to Gain
Immediate Action

• To persuade my audience to volunteer as literacy
  tutors.
• To persuade my audience to boycott Nike products.
• To persuade my audience to participate in the
  political process beyond voting.
• To persuade my audience to sign a petition for
  longer library hours.

24
Central Concept from Lucas

• We often think of persuasion as something a
  speaker does to an audience. In fact, as a great
  deal of research shows, persuasion is something a
  speaker does with an audience (p. 403).

25
After Topic and Goal Selection Move to Analysis

• Arguing to change the status quo.
• The speaker advocating change has the Burden of
  Proof
• The three issues to consider are grounded in
  theories of human psychology.

26
The Three PsPersuasive Speech Stock Issues

• 1. The Problem issue refers to what is wrong with
  the status quo.
• 2. The Plan issue refers to the solution.
• 3. The Practicality issue refers to
  considerations of how well the plan solves the
  problem and its advantages and disadvantages.

27
Problem
28
Plans

• Support?
• Withdraw?

29
Practicality Better?
30
Practicality Worse?
31
Topic Analysis

• To persuade my audience that the state of Iowa
  should have a mandatory helmet law for
  motorcyclists.
• 6. What would be the problem issue here?

32
Looking Ahead

• Topic form on WebCT as soon as you can due
  Friday, 8 p.m.
• For next time read The Problem With Pennies W
  pp. 70-71. Find Problem, Plan and Practicality
• Due dates
• W p. 51 due Oct. 17 in lab
• W. pp. 55-56 due Oct. 22 in lab
• Volunteers? I need 3-4 readers for next class.

33
Persuasive Speaking Day 2

• How do I create and organize persuasive speeches
  so that they are more convincing?

34
Problem, Plan and Practicality

• The Problem with Pennies

35
Sample Speech The Problem With Pennies
(volunteer readers)

• Specific Purpose To persuade my audience that
  pennies should be eliminated from the United
  States money supply.
• Central Idea Because Pennies cause problems for
  individuals, businesses, and the economy as a
  whole, they should be eliminated from the U.S.
  money system.

36
Introduction CARRP

• Attention quote with a twist to raise curiosity
• Reveal Topic pennies age of the penny is over
• Relate to Audience most of you sayputting
  questions in their mouthswhat would we do
  without pennies?
• Credibility
• personal I had the same questions when I
  started work on this speech.
• expert as a result of my research Im
  convinced
• Preview the use of pennies is a costly problem
  and we can get along fine without them.

37
Pattern of Organization?

• I. Pennies cause serious problems for
  individuals, businesses and the national economy.
• Note the internal preview
• II. The federal government should eliminate
  pennies from the money supply.
• Note the signpost The plan has 4 steps
• Problem - Solution

38
Problem Issue--paragraphs 4-8

• Pennies are a nuisance for individuals. class
  survey, U.S. Mint Survey, example of Noel Gunther
  from the L.A. Times
• Pennies are a nuisance for businesses too.
  Fortune magazine, National Association of
  Convenience Stores
• Pennies are a nuisance for the nation. stats
  and testimony from the Treasury Dept., from the
  U.S. Mint, from U.S. News and World Report

39
Plan Issue--paragraphs 10-13

• First step is for the federal government to
  legalize and standardize rounding off purchases
  to the nearest nickel.
• The next step is to round the sales tax off to
  the nearest nickel.
• The third step is for the mint to stop making
  pennies.
• The fourth step is for people to cash in their
  pennies removing them from the money supply.

40
Practicality Issue--mixed in with the plan steps
in paragraphs 10-15

• Rounding off purchases would not cause increased
  cost to consumers.
• Rounding off sales tax again, no increased cost
  it is like rounding off to the nearest dollar on
  your income tax return.
• Stop minting this will save 80 million a year.

41
More Practicality

• Such a plan has worked in the U.S. before in
  1857 we eliminated the half-penny.
• We already practice this plan through the "Leave
  a Penny, Take a Penny" dishes at check-out
  counters.

42
Persuasive Speaking

• How do I organize persuasive speeches so that
  they are more convincing?

43
From Much Ado About Nothing

• DOGBERRY
• Marry, sir, they have committed false report
• moreover, they have spoken untruths
• secondarily, they are slanders sixth and
• lastly, they have belied a lady thirdly,
• They have verified unjust things and, to
• conclude, they are lying knaves.

44
New Patterns for Persuasive Speeches

• Problem-Solution
• Problem-Cause-Solution
• Monroes Motivated Sequence
• Comparative Advantages
• In rare cases Topical

45
Problem-Solution

• Specific Purpose To persuade my audience that
  they should sign universal organ donor cards.
• Central Idea We can take a step toward solving
  the serious shortage of organ donors in the
  United States by signing universal organ donor
  cards.
• I. There is a serious shortage of healthy organs
  available for transplant.
• II. By signing a universal organ donor card you
  can help solve this problem.

46
Strategic Benefit

• This is a powerful choice.
• Something is wrong. You make us care.
• We can fix it! You show us what can be done and
  how we can help.
• Using your Analysis
• I. Problem Problem/Need
• II. Solution Plan and Practicality

47
Problem-Cause-Solution

• Problem-Cause-Solution is even stronger than
  Problem-Solution.
• If you can isolate the causes and your plan
  addresses those causes it has built-in
  practicality impact.
• Using your analysis
• I. Problem Problem/Need
• II. Cause Problem/Need
• III. Solution Plan and Practicality

48
Speech Analysis Putting the Brakes on Teenage
Driving (ch. 15)

• Specific Purpose To persuade my audience that
  the age for full driving privileges should be
  raised to 18.
• Central Idea Raising the age for full driving
  privileges to 18 will help reduce the large
  number of accidents and deaths among teenage
  drivers.

49

• Attention
• story of 16 years olds car accident
• Credibility
• Goodwillmy nephew, I know you oppose such a plan
• ExpertiseAfter researchingexperts
• Reveal Topic
• The best way to prevent such accidents
• Relate to Audience
• Audience questionnaire
• Preview
• Problems associated with teenage driving
• The major causes of the problems
• A plan that will go a long way to solving those
  problems.

50

• I. There are too many car accidents, injuries and
  deaths involving teenage drivers.
• There are 4 main causes.
• A. Inexperience (but we will always have that)
• B. Undeveloped brains
• C. Night driving
• D. Distracted by passengers
• My solution has 3 parts.
• A. Change ages of licensing (responds to
  brains issue).
• B. Restrict nighttime driving. (responds to
  nights arg.).
• C. Restrict the number of passengers.
  (responds to concern about passenger
  distractions).

51
Monroes Motivated Sequence

• Attention
• Need
• Satisfaction
• Visualization
• Action

52
Monroes Motivated Strategic Benefit

• The pattern of choice for immediate action
  speeches.
• Using Your Analysis
• Attention Gain Attention in Introduction
• Need Problem
• Satisfaction Plan
• Visualization Practicality
• Action Call to Action in Conclusion

53
Outline in Workbook p. 65

• Attentionstory in intro
• NeedProblem issue developed
• 35,000 people need bone marrow transplant
• Process is used to treat many diseases
• 70 of people who need it have no family match to
  try.
• 1 in 9 people in need find no match

54

• Satisfaction
• Iowa Marrow Donor Program
• Two donor drives in Nov. and December
• You can join right here in Ames
• Process of becoming a Marrow Donor is simple.
• Increasing the number of people in the registry
  will help solve the problem.
• Visualization
• Jessicas story U of I student had a need
• Scotts story Urbandale man became a donor and
  saved a life
• Action
• Get registered
• take time to become a hero

55
Comparative Advantages

• For use only when the audience already agrees
  that there is a problem that needs to be solved.
• The main points are used to discuss the
  advantages and disadvantages of the various plans
  suggested.
• It is essentially a process of elimination
  structure.

56
Comparative Advantages Using Your Analysis

• Intro sets out the Problem In the Intro do CARRP
  but also review the Problem
• Gas prices have risen sharplyReview statsReview
  percentage of budget for drivers
• Be sure to include a Preview
• There are three possible ways to solve this
  problem, but only one can really work.  Today I
  will argue that the government should invest its
  resources to develop alternate fuel technology.

57

• First part of the Body
• I.  Some argue that we should increase our
  refining capacity.
• It has been proposed.  describe the Plan
• This won't work. Practicality
• II. Some argue that we should increase drilling
  in the U.S.
• Proposals for drilling in Alaska and for offshore
  drilling have been made. Plan
• This won't work. Practicality

58

• Internal Summary/Transition  We all agree that
  we must take action to deal with the current fuel
  shortage and high prices.  Increasing refining
  capacity and new domestic drilling projects have
  been proposed, but they wont solve the problem. 
  Instead, what we must do is.
• III. The government should invest its resources
  in alternative fuel technologies.
• Specifics of the Plan are covered.
• It will work and will solve our energy crisis.
  Practicality
• Conclusion Call to "action."

59
Alternative Comparative Advantages format

• Investing in alternative fuel technologies is a
  better plan than investing in new refineries
  because it is the most long term solution for our
  energy needs.
• Investing in alternative fuel technologies is a
  better plan than investing in new refineries
  because it is more ecologically sound.
• Investing in alternative fuel technologies is a
  better plan than investing in new refineries
  because such investment will have the best impact
  on the national economy.
• Each Main point looks at 2 plans to compare them
  on one practicality point.

60
Topical Pattern See pp. 49-50 in the workbook.

• This pattern might be resorted to when arguing
  against a change in the status quo.
• The strategy is essentially one of listing
  reasons to keep the present system.
• Problem, Plan and Practicality must still be
  dealt with.

61
Sample Topical Pattern

• Introduction CARRP show that a call for change
  had been made. in a sense that call for change
  is the Problem for the speaker
• Body
• I. We should not abolish casino gambling in Iowa
  because no one is being hurt by it.
• II. We should not abolish casino gambling in Iowa
  because it is not an immoral activity.

62

• III. We should not abolish casino gambling in
  Iowa because it increases tourism in the state.
• IV. We should not abolish casino gambling in Iowa
  because it is raising money for education.
• Conclusion Simply reinforce the case and urge
  the class to act accordingly.
• What it is doing is arguing
• There is no problem with the status quo.
• The proposed change to the status quo has more
  disadvantages than advantages. practicality

63
Practice
64
1. What pattern of organization is being used in
the following?

• I. Alcohol-related traffic accidents kill more
  college age people than any other single problem.
• II. Drinking and driving is a social problem that
  is caused by peer pressure, inconsistent laws,
  and irresponsible actions.
• III. You can help combat this problem by taking
  three simple steps.

65
2. What pattern of organization is being used in
the following?

• I. This nation faces a serious crisis of voter
  apathy.
• II. You must register, study and vote to
  contribute positively to the process.
• III. You must act because in a nation where
  everyone votes responsibly we would achieve the
  vision of intelligent discussion of issues and
  candidates who are held accountable.

66
3. What pattern of organization is being used in
the following?

1. Lax security in the ISU dorms threatens the
   safety of undergraduates.
2. Keeping residence hall entrances locked 24-hours
   a day will make ISU students safer.

67
4. What pattern of organization is being used in
the following?

• I. We could escape the state budget deficit by
  cutting funding for state services and for state
  universities.
• II. We could escape the state budget deficit by
  reducing pay to all state employees through
  furloughs.
• III. The best way to escape the state budget
  deficit is through raising the states income
  taxes.

68

• 5. What are the three issues with which every
  persuasive speech of policy must deal? (The three
  things we explore in our analysis of a persuasive
  issue.)

69

• End

70
Another example of Monroes motivated Sequence.
Analysis of The Ultimate Gift (T. pp. A15-A17)

• ATTENTION STEP
• In the Introduction
• Rhetorical questions you are not donating blood.
• NEED STEP
• American Red Cross Web pages say we need 3,000
  gallons of blood every hour.
• Brooke needs blood
• Only one in 20 of those who could donate actually
  donate.

71
Monroes Motivated Sequence in Action

• SATISFACTION
• Everyone can be part of the solution by giving
  blood.
• The process of blood donation is simple.
• I was scared the first time, but it was not
  painful and it was safe.

72
Monroes Motivated Sequence in Action

• VISUALIZATION
• Every unit of blood you donate can help save
  three lives.
• You can help many peopleimagine helping to save
  180 lives over the next decade!
• ACTION
• Become a blood donor
• Lots of motivational appeals
• Small price in time
• There is a shortage Brooke needs you
• Go do it!