Nursing: A Developing Profession

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NursingA Developing Profession

• Unit I

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Lets Start at the Beginning

• Nursing history
• Is it important?
• Why?
• Nursing is not what it used to be
• Is that good, bad, or neither?

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Where Did Nursing Begin?

• Nursing has been done since the dawn of human
  life
• Nurse is derived from the Latin work nutricius,
  meaning nourishing
• Nurses practiced in ancient Egypt
• Rise of Christianity brought about increased
  involvement of virgins and widows in the work of
  treating the ill.

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The Holy Wars and the Further Development of
Nursing

• Hospital of St. John built for ill Knights
• Male nurses accompanied Knights into battle
• Male nurses dominated the order of Hospitalers
• Altruistic ideal of providing care as a service
  performed out of humility and love became the
  foundation for nursing

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Social Revolutions and the Advancement of Nursing

• Renaissance
• humanists emerged and were known to give nursing
  care
• Protestant Reformation
• most hospitals closed
• open hospitals served poor and were staffed by
  women who were prostitutes and alcoholics
• Industrial Revolution
• Increased numbers migrated to cities
• Intellectual Revolution
• Development of smallpox vaccine
• But, mortality at hospitals was as high as 90

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Florence Nightingale

• Founder of modern nursing
• Established first nursing philosophy based on
  health maintenance and restoration
• First practicing nurse epidemiologist
• First nurse researcher
• Changed societys view of nurse

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Civil War to Early 1900s

• Time of nursing growth--
• Clara Barton, Dorthea Dix, Harriet Tubman were
  all instrumental during Civil War
• Hospital nursing expanded in late 1800s
• Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster started community
  health nursing at the Henry Street Settlement in
  1893.

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Victorian Era

• Nurses were predominantly women
• Patriarchy
• Nurses were to be hardworking, submissive, and
  promote harmony
• Reform focused on establishing standards for
  nursing education and practice
• Nutting, Goodnow, Dock, Goodrich, Hampton-Robb,
  Wald, Steward, and Palmer

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Twentieth Century

• Nursing evolved toward a scientific,
  research-based defined body of nursing knowledge
  and practice.
• Affiliation of nursing education with
  universities
• Expanded and Advanced Practice roles
• Nursing specializations evolved
• Specialty nurse organizations were formed

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Twenty-first Century

• Continued evolution is necessary
• Nursings Code of Ethics was revised in 2001 to
  reflect current ethical issues

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Roles of the Nurse

• Caregiver
• Teacher
• Advocate
• Manager
• Colleague
• Expert

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Nursing Evolves into a Profession
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Flexners Criteria for Defining a Profession

• Based on intellectual action and personal
  responsibility
• Practice based on knowledge
• Practical application
• Techniques which can be taught
• Internally organized
• Altruistic

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Pavalkos Eight Dimensions of a Profession

• Relevance to social values
• Training or educational period
• Self-motivation addresses ways of service
• Code of Ethics
• Commitment to lifelong work
• Member controlled
• Theoretical framework as basis for practice
• Members with common identity and distinctive
  subculture

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Professional Organizations

• Why belong?
• Organizations play significant role in empowering
  nurses in practice
• Affiliation facilitates networking with
  colleagues

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Professional Organizations

• Whats available?
• American Nurses Association (ANA)
• American Nurses Foundation
• American Academy of Nursing
• International Council of Nursing
• National League of Nursing
• National Student Nurses Association
• American Association of Colleges of Nursing
• Specialty Practice Organizations

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Nursing Image

• Why is it important?
• What image do you want to portray?

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Image of Nursing

• Public Image ? nurses expertise and recognition
  of contributions to health care
• Image improves when nurses tell their stories
• Professional nurses have successfully lobbied to
  remove undesirable images from media
• Nurses continue to strive to attain a
  professional image

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Nursing in the Media

• Think about a movie or TV program portraying a
  nurse or nursing.
• How was the nurse portrayed?
• Was he/she portrayed professionally?
• What image was portrayed to the public?

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Credentialing and Accreditation

• Licensure
• Examination
• Endorsement
• Certification
• Accreditation

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Role of Nursing Journals in Continuing Education

• Maintain communication with other nurses
• Practice updates for a continuously changing
  knowledge base
• Major link between nursing organizations and
  practicing professionals

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Contemporary Issues

• Job market changes
• Increased use of unlicensed assistive personnel
• Shifting practice arena
• Increasing mean age of nurses
• Increased patient acuity
• Decreased nursing school enrollments

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Characteristics Necessary for Job Security

• Employability
• Vendor-mindedness
• Resiliency

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Advance-Practice Nursing

• Nurse Practitioner
• Certified Nurse Midwife
• Clinical Nurse Specialist
• Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist

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Types of Educational Preparation for Nursing

• Associate Degree
• Diploma
• Baccalaureate
• Graduate Education
• Masters
• Doctorate

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Other Types of Nursing Education

• Career-Ladder
• BSN Completion
• External-Degree
• University Without Walls
• Internet Resources

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Future Nursing Education Trends

• Increased student diversity
• Educational mobility
• Faculty shortages
• Advancing technology
• Changing health care settings
• Aging population