Triumph of Industry 1850 - 1900

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Triumph of Industry1850 - 1900

• Technology and Industrial Growth
• By Mrs. Brown

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Bellringer 1

• Make a list of inventions of the period.
• Which one was most important to American society?
  
• Give reasons for your choice.

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Learning Targets

• I Can
• Analyze the factors that led to the
  industrialization of the United States in the
  late 1800s.
• Explain how new inventions and innovations
  changed Americans lives.
• Describe the impact of industrialization in the
  late 1800s.

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Section Focus Question

• How did industrialization and new technology
  affect the economy and society?
• Witness History (CD2 30)
• Celebrating the Nations Centennial
• Song of the Exposition by Walt Whitman
• Why was the Centennial Exhibition so popular?
• Why might it represent a turning point for the
  United States?

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Changes in Daily Life

• Daily life in 1865
• Indoor electric lighting or refrigeration did not
  exist.
• Ice blocks were sawed out of ponds, packed in
  sawdust and stored in icehouses.
• Mail took 10 days to three weeks to reach from
  east coast to Midwest to the west. News from
  Europe to the frontier took months.

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Natural Resources Fuel Growth

• Coal mines along the eastern seaboard provided
  fuel to power steam locomotives and factories.
• Forests provided lumber for construction.
• Navigable river ways transported goods

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First Oil Well

• 1859 Edwin Drake drilled the worlds first oil
  well in Titusville, Pennsylvania.
• Before Drakes invention, oil, was mainly
  obtained from boiling down whale blubber.

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http//www.cbsd.org/pennsylvaniapeople/level1_biog
raphies/images/Drake'201.jpg
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Capitalism Encourages Entrepreneurs

• 1868 Horatio Alger published the novel, Ragged
  Dick, or Street Life in New York.
• It was the rags to riches story of a poor boy who
  achieved fame and wealth through hard work.
• This idea depended on the system of capitalism.
• Heroes of the system were entrepreners.

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2. Daily life in 1900

• The patent and trademark office issued 36,000
  patents between 1790 and 1860.
• Between 1860 and 1890 500,000 patents were issued
  for inventions such as the typewriter, sewing
  machine and phonograph.

Phonograph
http//inventors.about.com/bledison.htm
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Thomas Edison

• Edison did not invent the light bulb but improved
  on a 50-year-old idea.
• 1876 Edison, supported by industrialist like J.P.
  Morgan established a research library at Menlo
  Park, New Jersey

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Thomas Edison

• Edison had only a few months of formal education
  would receive more than 1000 patents for new
  inventions

http//www.nndb.com/people/333/000022267/
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Thomas Edison

• European investors and American business leaders
  began to invest heavily in new inventions.
• By 1900 Americans standard of living was among
  the highest in the world as was the nations
  industrial productivity.

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Railroads Improve Transportation

• The Transcontinental Railroad
• The transcontinental railroad was the key event
  in the great improvement of the rail business
  after the Civil War. (Extending coast to coast)
• Government involvement was vital.
• The federal government awarded huge loans and
  land grants to two private companies.

http//www.utahcrossroads.org/F1097_09.htm
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• The Central Pacific Railroad began moving
  eastward out of Sacramento.
• The Union Pacific Railroad began work toward the
  west in Omaha.
• Most of the workers were immigrants Irish or
  Chinese
• After seven years, On May 10, 1869, the final
  golden spike was hammer in Promontory Point,
  Utah.

Near Promontory Point
http//www.utahcrossroads.org/F1097_16.htm
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2. Rail Problems and Solutions
http//www.energyquest.ca.gov/scientists/woods.htm
l

•   By 1870 railroads could carry goods and
  passengers from coast to coast.
•   Steel rails replaced iron rails, and track
  gauges and signals became standard.
•   In 1869 George Westinghouse developed more
  effective air brakes.
•   In 1887 Granville Woods patented a telegraph
  system for communicating with moving trains.
• Meatpacker, Gustavus Swift developed refrigerated
  cars for transporting food.

Granville Woods
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3. Rail Roads and Time Zones

•   In the 1800s most towns set their clocks
  independently according to solar time.
• In 1884, 27 countries divided the globe into 24
  time zones one for each hour of the day.
• The railroad adopted this system.
•    By the end of the century, some 190,000 miles
  of rails linked businesses and their customers.
•    Shipping costs dropped enormously.
•     In 1865 shipping a barrel of flour from
  Chicago to New York cost 3.45. In 1895 it cost
  68 cents.

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Advances in Communication

• The Telegraph
• Samuel F.B. Morse perfected and took out a patent
  on the telegraph.
• Morse devised a code of short and long electrical
  impulses to represent the letters of the
  alphabet.
• He sent his first message in 1844.

Self-Portrait
http//inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bltel
egraph.htm
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2. The Telephone

• Alexander Graham Bell of Scotland patented the
  talking telegraph on March 7, 1876. He had
  just turned 29.
• That same year President Rutherford B. Hayes
  had a telephone installed at the White House.

http//www.picturehistory.com/find/p/14836/mcms.ht
ml
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The Telephone

• By 1900, there were more than 100,000 miles of
  telegraph wire linked across America.
• 1896 Guglielmo Marconi invented the wireless
  telegraph.
• Future inventors would develop the radio based on
  this innovation.

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Electric Power

• Edison, A master of invention
• Born in 1847, Edison grew up tinkering with
  electricity.
• Edisons favorite invention, the phonograph,
  recorded sounds on metal foil wrapped around a
  rotating cylinder.
• His goal was to develop affordable, in home
  lighting to replace oil lamps and gaslights.

http//memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edmvhm.html
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2. Westinghouse and alternating current

•   1n 1885 George Westinghouse began to
  experiment with alternating current, which could
  be produced and transmitted more cheaply and
  efficiently.
•   Westinghouse also used a device called a
  transformer to boost power levels at a station so
  that electricity could be sent over long
  distances.

http//inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blwes
tinghouse.htm
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•   Westinghouses system made home use of
  electricity practical.
•   By the early 1890s, investors had used
  Edisons and Westinghouses ideas and inventions
  to create two companies, general electric and
  Westinghouse electric.

1st Light Lighting Main Street
http//www.georgewestinghouse.com/1stlight.html
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3. Electricitys Impact on Daily Life

•   

• Electricity made the refrigerator possible,
  transformed the world of work and created new
  jobs.
• The electric sewing machine, first made in 1889,
  led to the rapid growth of the clothing industry.

http//inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blsew
ing_machine.htm
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Turning Point The Bessemer Process

• In 1856 in England, Henry Bessemer received the
  first patent for the Bessemer process.
• Steel had long been produced by melting iron,
  adding carbon, and removing impurities.
• The Bessemer process made it much easier and
  cheaper to remove the impurities.

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http//inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blste
el.htm

• Steel is lighter, stronger, and more flexible
  than iron.
• The Bessemer process made possible the mass
  production of steel.
• By 1890, the US was outproducing British steel
  manufacturers.

http//www.skyscraperpicture.com/index1.htm
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Witness History

• CD 2 29
• The March of American Progress The Brooklyn
  Eagle
• How do you think the completion of this bridge
  changed the lives of the people living around it?

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The Brooklyn Bridge

• The only way to travel between Brooklyn and
  Manhattan was by ferry across the east river.
• John A. Roebling, a German immigrant designed a
  suspension bridge with thick steel cables
  suspended from high towers to hold up the main
  span.

http//www.germanheritage.com/biographies/mtoz/roe
bling.html
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Brooklyn Bridge

• Disasters plagued this massive project. Roebling
  died, his son then in charge was disabled with
  the bends. Explosions, fires, and dishonest
  dealings by a greedy steel-cable contractor also
  occurred.

http//www.wirednewyork.com/bridges/brooklyn_bridg
e/ images/brooklyn_manhattan_bridge_26may02.jpg
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2. A Symbol of American Success

• The Brooklyn bridge was completed and opened on
  May 24, 1883.
• Its inventive genius and hard work stood plainly
  visible for all the world to see.
• Witness History CD 2 29
• The March of American Progress
• The Brooklyn Eagle
• How do you think the completion of this bridge
  changed the lives of the people living around it?

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The Impact of Industrialization

• Linked World Markets
• US exports of grain, steel, and textiles
  dominated international markets
• Changed American Society
• Industry altered how Americans lived and worked
• Concern about the Environment
• 1872 Yellowstone National Park was created in
  response to concerns

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Textbook Resources

• Read Major Inventions of the 1800s on page 102
• Read and study Focus on Geography on page 105.
  Answer the two Geography and History questions in
  the green box.

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Exit Slip

• Why did industry continue to expand after the
  civil war? P101
• Why would a patent encourage the work of
  inventors? P102
• How did the Bessemer process affect
  transportation? P103
• How did industrialization change the population
  of U.S. cities and rural areas? p106
• How did industrialization affect peoples
  relationship with their environment? p106