Energy and Mineral Resources

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Energy and Mineral Resources
CHAPTER 4 EARTHS RESOURCES

• Ch. 4.1

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Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources

• Renewable resource can be replenished over
  fairly short time spans (months, years, decades)
• Examples trees, cotton, other crops, fish,
  livestock, sun, wind, water
• Nonrenewable resource takes millions of years to
  form and accumulate
• Examples coal, petroleum, natural gas, minerals

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Fossil Fuels

• Any hydrocarbon that can be used as an energy
  source.
• Coal
• Oil
• Natural Gas
• Tar Sands
• Oil Shale

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4 Stages of Coal

• 1. Peat Softer
• - plant (Releases less heat)
• 2. Lignite
• - sedimentary
• 3. B-Coal (Bituminous)
• - sedimentary
• 4. A-Coal (Anthracite) Harder
• - metamorphic (Releases more heat)

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A-Coal vs. B-Coal

• Harder dense
• More carbon
• Burns cleaner longer
• Met. rock
• Shiny
• Least abundant

• Softer less dense
• Less C
• Burns dirtier
• Sed. rock
• Dull
• More abundant

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Petroleum and Natural Gas

• Petroleum (oil) organic remains buried in ocean
  floor sediments liquid
• Natural gas organic remains buried in ocean
  floor sediments gas

Oil Traps must have 1. Permeable reservoir
rock 2. Cap rock - shale
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Other Fossil Fuels

• Tar Sands
• Sand and tar
• mixture
• Oil Shale
• Rock that
• contains oil

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Mineral Deposits

• Ore useful metallic minerals that can be mined
  at a profit
• Gangue unwanted materials in rock

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3 Types of Deposits

• Igneous Processes heavy minerals settle to the
  bottom
• of magma chambers
• Hydrothermal Solutions minerals left after the
  late stages of magma movement
• Placer Deposits heavy, durable minerals settle
  from moving water

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Nonmetallic Mineral Resources

• Mined for their physical and chemical properties
• 2 groups
• 1. Building Materials
• Limestone, aggregates
• 2. Industrial Materials
• Garnet, quartz, diamond

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Mountaintop Removal Coal Mining
Before
After
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Whats in a pencil?

• Wood
• Cedar CA, OR
• Lead
• Graphite MO or Mexico
• Mixed with Clays KY or GA
• Eraser
• Soybean oil S. America
• Latex S. America
• Pumice CA or NM
• Sulfur, Calcium, Barium
• Metal Band
• Aluminum or Brass (from Cu and Zn) mined in 13
  states
• Paint and laquer
• Various minerals and metals
• Glue to hold it together
• Various minerals and metals

• Every year each person in our country uses about
  11 pencils

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Alternate Energy Sources

• Ch. 4.2

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• At our current rate of consumption, fossil fuels
  may only last 170 more years.
• As population , consumption

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Solar Energy

• Advantages
• Free
• No pollution
• Disadvantages
• Expensive equipment
• Cloudy days

Passive Collectors sun heats objects, which
radiate the heat Active Collectors Collect
sunlight, transfer heat by circulating air or
liquids Solar Cells convert sunlight directly
into electricity
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Nuclear Energy

• Advantages
• No emissions
• Inexpensive
• Disadvantages
• Hazardous waste
• Increased building costs
• Potentially dangerous

Nuclear fission uranium atoms split when
bombarded with neutrons, nuclei emit neutrons and
heat energy chain reaction to produce
electricity
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Wind Energy

• Advantages
• Free
• Produces a lot of energy
• Disadvantages
• Noise pollution
• Large tracts of land
• Bird migration

Wind turns turbines to produce electricity
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Hydroelectric Power

• Advantages
• Free
• No waste
• Disadvantages
• Sediment build-up
• Limited site availability
• Flooding
• Fish migrations

Water behind the dam is stored energy that is
released through the dam to produce electricity
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Geothermal Energy

• Advantages
• Little environmental impact
• Disadvantages
• Wells only last 10-15 years
• Not available in many locations

Underground hot water is used for direct heat and
to turn turbines to generate electricity
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Tidal Power

• Advantages
• Free
• Clean
• Disadvantages
• Must have tidal range of at least 8 m and a
  narrow, enclosed bay

Strong in-and-out flow turns turbines to produce
electricity
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Water, Air, and Land Resources

• Ch. 4.3

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Water Pollution

• Point source comes from a known and specific
  location (you can point to it)
• Examples factory pipes, leaky landfill, leaky
  storage tank
• Nonpoint source not from a known, specific
  location (cannot point to it)
• Examples runoff from agriculture and cities

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Runoff

• Water that flows over land instead of seeping
  into the ground

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Air Pollution

• Pollution can change the chemical composition of
  the atmosphere, which maintains life.
• Burning fossil fuels major source of pollution
• Releases pollutants to form smog
• Pollutants combine with water vapor ? acid rain
• pH acid rain 5.6
• Increases amount of CO2 in the
  atmosphere (greenhouse gas)

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Global Climate Change
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Greenhouse Effect
Simulation?
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Protecting Resources

• Ch. 4.4

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Conservation

• Conservation the careful use of resources
• The 3 Rs
• The U.S.
• 6 of the world population
• Use 1/3 of the worlds resources
• Produce 1/3 of the worlds garbage

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Protecting Land Resources

• Compost a natural fertilizer made of partly
  decomposed organic material
• Recycle collect and process used items to be
  made into new products
• Conserves resources
• Less waste

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Water Protection

• 1972 Clean Water Act
• Reduce point source pollution
• Increased sewage treatment plants
• Made more water safe to fish and swim in
• 1974 Safe Water Drinking Act
• Set drinking water standards
• Reduced amount of pollutants allowed in water

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Air Protection

• 1970 Clean Air Act
• Our most important air pollution law
• Resulted from the environmental movement
• Set standards for chemicals known to cause health
  problems
• Hugely increased air quality and reduced the
  amount of chemicals in the air.

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Ecological Footprint

• http//www.myfootprint.org/