Absolute Monarchs in Europe and Enlightenment and Revolution (Chapters 21

1
Absolute Monarchs in Europe and Enlightenment and
Revolution(Chapters 21 22)
2
Conditions Allowing Absolute Monarchy to Develop
Rise of cities
Wealth of colonies
Growth of national kingdoms
Breakdown of Church authority
Decline of feudalism
Growth of middle class
Economic and religious crises
Revolts
Created new government bureaucracies
Reduced power of nobles and representative bodies
Regulated worship, social gatherings, and economy
Increased size of court
Compare Absolutism And Democracy
Monarchs have unlimited power. Power comes from inheritance and Divine Right. Monarchs are above the law, subjects obey monarch command without questions. Monarch chooses state religion, and combines religious and political leadership. Government exists for its own sake and the subjects role is to serve the monarch. Government is based on the will of the people. Rulers are elected by popular vote. Everyone must obey the law. Citizens have the right to criticize the government Separation of church and state. Government exists to serve the people.
3
(No Transcript)
4
Events During Louis XIV's Reign
1648-1653
1661
1667
1672
1685
1701-1713
Louis becomes king.
Riots disrupt France.
Louis starts rule.
Louis invades the Spanish Netherlands.
Louis invades the Dutch Netherlands.
Louis voids Edict of Nantes.
Louis fights War of Spanish Succession.
Louis dies.
Absolute Louis

• What characteristics made Louis XIV so
  absolute?

Louis weakens the Nobles authority
Increased the power of the intendants
Attempts to expand Frances borders
Patronage of the Arts
During Louis reign, France was considered the
military ruler of Europe
5
(No Transcript)
6
Government

• Held absolute power
• Expanded bureaucracy, and appointed officials to
  carry out his policies
• Never convened Estates General

Economy
Versailles

• Immense palace
• Symbol of wealth and power
• Ceremonies surrounded everyday life

• Practiced mercantilism
• Promoted trade, imposed
• high tariffs on imports
• Encouraged industry
• Encouraged overseas colonies

Louis XIV Sun King
Wars
Arts

• Sponsored musical entertainment and commissioned
  plays
• French artistic style became model for all Europe

• Massive army
• Set goal to expand French borders and dominate
• Europe, with some early success

Religious Persecution

• Persecuted Huguenots
• Revoked Edict of Nantes

7
(No Transcript)
8
(No Transcript)
9
Central European Monarchs Clash
Conflict Causes and Outcomes
Thirty Years War
War of the Austrian Succession
Seven Years War

• Cause-Religion (Ferdinand II closed some
  Protestant churches)
• Outcome-Germanys decline until 1800s the
  beginning of modern states in Europe

• Cause-Frederick II (Prussia), sought Austrian
  territory of Silesia for resources
• Outcome-Maria Theresa (Austria), stopped
  Prussias aggression but lost Silesia

• Cause-Alliances (Frederick attacked Saxony, an
  Austrian Ally)
• Outcome-Territory in Europe remained the same.
  France lost colonies in North America and Britain
  gained sole economic domination of India.

Compare Maria Theresa and Frederick the Great
1740-1780
1740-1786
Allied with former enemy France
Allied with Austrias former ally Britain
Lost Silesia in War of Austrian Succession and
did not regain it in Seven Years War
Gained Silesia in War of Austrian Succession and
neither gained nor lost in Seven Years War
Imposed limits on nobility
Followed his fathers military policies
10
(No Transcript)
11
Peter the Great W E S T E R N I Z E D
indow to the west
uropean clothing
tate controlled religion
ax (beards)
uropean military
ights for women
ewspaper
ntroduced potato
ero tolerance for old fashioned ideas
stablished a new calendar
rew new maps
12
Important events of Peter the Greats Reign
Had St. Petersburg built
Visited western Europe
Fought Sweden for Baltic land
Took control of church
Reduced power of landowners
Modernized army
Tried to westernize Russia
13
England Limits the Monarchy
Magna Carta Parliament Petition of Right Habeas Corpus Constitutional Monarchy Bill of Rights
1215 King John Basic Political Rights No taxation without representation, trial by jury, protection of the law 1295 Edward I Creates a legislature with representatives of the people 1628 Charles I Rights Due cause, levy taxes w/o Parliament, no housing soldiers in homes, no marital law in peacetime. 1679 Charles II Every prisoner must be charged and have a trial 1689 Laws limit the power of the monarch William and Mary 1689 Cannot suspend laws, free speech in Parliament, right to petition the government

• Believed in divine right to rule

• Wanted large funds to pay for court and wars

• Did not make Puritan reforms

• Wanted funds to finance wars

• Tried to force all subjects to be Anglican

• Resisted Parliaments attempts to restrict his
  power

• Flaunted his faith

• Named Catholics to high office

14
Review The Scientific Revolution
Renaissance discovery of new classical
manuscripts leads scholars to question accepted
knowledge.
Discoveries of Copernicus and other scientists
challenge accepted thinking.
The printing press spreads ideas.
Exploration broadens European horizons.
Heliocentric Theory
Scientific Method
15
All About the Enlightenment The Age of Reason
The Importance of the Enlightenment
The Scientific Method, Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes
The World of Isaac Newton
Even more Enlightenment Science
Enlightenment Philosophers

• Prompted scholars philosophers to reevaluate
  old notions about other aspects of society
• Sought new insight regarding government,
  religion, economics, and education

• Logical procedure fro gathering and testing ideas
• Bacon-experimental method urged scientists to
  experiment draw conclusions
• Descartes-believed that scientists needed to
  reject old assumptions teachings
• All relied on mathematics reasoning

• Theories of motion universal gravitation

• Scientific instruments (microscopes, barometer,
  thermometer)
• Medicine the human body
• Dissected human body vaccines (small pox)
• Scientific method

• Montesquieu
• Rousseau
• Wollstonecraft

• Locke
• Hobbes
• Voltaire

16
(No Transcript)
17
Hobbes
Social contract
Locke
Consent of the governed
Voltaire
Tolerance
Montesquieu
Separation of powers
Rousseau
Government by general will
Beccaria
Abolition of torture
Wollstonecraft
Access to education for women
Salons, Encyclopedia, books, letters, magazines,
pamphlets
Neoclassical art, classical music, novel
Enlightened despots, Frederick the Great, Joseph
II, Catherine the Great
18
Thinker Ideal Form of Government Reasoning Can people be trusted to govern?
Rousseau
Mary Wollstonecraft
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
Baron de Montesquieu
Direct Democracy

• Civilization corrupted peoples natural goodness.
• Man is born free, everywhere he is in chains

Yes
Democracy
Equal rights for women
Yes

• All humans are naturally selfish and wicked
• Hand over power to strong leader to ensure order

Absolutism
No
People could learn from experience and prove
themselves
Democracy
Yes
Separation of power limits any group from having
too much control
Yes
Democracy