MARINE PUMPING SYSTEM

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MARINE PUMPING SYSTEM
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SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• At the end of this topic you are expected to
  learn
• Principles of Marine Pumping Systems
• State the function of a pump
• Describe the three requirements for a pump to
  transfer fluids
• List the losses of head in a pumping system
• Explain the requirement for viscosity of the
  fluid for pump design

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• Explain the requirement for permission before any
  fluid is transferred onboard

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• Pumping System have two main purposes
• Transfer of liquid from one place to another
  place (e.g. water from an underground aquifer
  into a water storage tank)
• Circulate liquid around a system (e.g. cooling
  water or lubricants through machines and
  equipment)

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PUMP

• A pump is a device used to move fluids, such as
  liquids, gases or slurries.
• A pump displaces a volume by physical or
  mechanical action. Pumps fall into three major
  groups direct lift, displacement, and gravity
  pumps.1 Their names describe the method for
  moving a fluid.

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PUMP

• Defn device that uses an external power source
  to apply force to a fluid in order to move it
  from one place to another
• Must overcome
• (1) frictional forces from large quantities of
  fluid
• (2) difference in static pressure between two
  locations
• Must provide any velocity desired

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MARINE PUMP

• A device use aboardship which adds energy to a
  liquid or gas to overcome resistance or system
  losses causing it to generate pressure and
  perhaps movement of a fluid
• A machine used to raise fluid from a low point to
  a high point

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• Engine a device for converting thermal energy
  of working substance into useful mechanical work
• Marine pumps generally handle fuel oil,
  lubricating oil, condensate and boiler feed,
  circulation water or coolant, ballast and bilge
  water, air, etc. though pumps delivering air are
  generally called blowers or compressors.
• Special liquid cargoes of nearly or any sort may
  be handled by a suitable pump. Depending upon the
  types of installation, pumps are driven by steam
  engines, steam, electric motors, Diesel engines
  and air.

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• Pumps can also be found coupled with engine it
  supports. Motive power is selected for reasons of
  safety, economics or convenience.

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Fluid Properties

• The properties of the fluids being pumped can
  significantly affect the choice of pump. Key
  considerations include
• Acidity/alkalinity (pH) and chemical composition.
  Corrosive and acidic fluids can degrade pumps,
  and should be considered when selecting pump
  materials.
• Operating temperature. Pump materials and
  expansion, mechanical seal components, and
  packing materials need to be considered with
  pumped fluids that are hotter than 200F.
• Solids concentrations/particle sizes. When
  pumping abrasive liquids such as industrial
  slurries, selecting a pump that will not clog or
  fail prematurely depends on particle size,
  hardness, and the volumetric percentage of
  solids.

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Fluid Properties

• Specific gravity. The fluid specific gravity is
  the ratio of the fluid density to that of water
  under specified conditions. Specific gravity
  affects the energy required to lift and move the
  fluid, and must be considered when determining
  pump power requirements.
• Vapor pressure. A fluids vapor pressure is the
  force per unit area that a fluid exerts in an
  effort to change phase from a liquid to a vapor,
  and depends on the fluids chemical and physical
  properties. Proper consideration of the fluids
  vapor pressure will help to minimize the risk of
  cavitation.

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Fluid Properties

• Viscosity. The viscosity of a fluid is a measure
  of its resistance to motion. Since kinematic
  viscosity normally varies directly with
  temperature, the pumping system designer must
  know the viscosity of the fluid at the lowest
  anticipated pumping temperature. High viscosity
  fluids result in reduced centrifugal pump
  performance and increased power requirements. It
  is particularly important to consider pump
  suction-side line losses when pumping viscous
  fluids.

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3 REQUIREMENTS OF A PUMP TO TRANSFER FLUID

• A marine pumping system on a ship consists of
• Suction piping
• Pump
• Discharge piping
• The system is arranged to provide a positive
  pressure or head at some point and discharge the
  liquid. The pump provides the energy to develop
  the head and overcome any losses in the system.
• The rate of flow at a certain head is called duty
  point.

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PUMP HEAD

• Head is a measure of resistance to flow. If a
  pump has a maximum output of 20 head feet, it
  means it can pump water 20' straight in the air.
  If a pump is rated at 50 gallons per minute at 10
  feet it means it can overcome 10 feet of head
  (TDH) and still deliver 50 GPM. As you increase
  the head, you decrease the flow rate, and
  increase your operating costs. To maximize your
  flow, you must minimize your head, which also
  minimizes your operating costs.

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3 MAIN SOURCES OF HEAD

1. Static Head - This is the vertical distance you
   raise the water. To determine your static head,
   measure from the surface of the tank
   (vertically), to the highest point in the
   discharge line where the water is discharged to
   the atmosphere.

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3 MAIN SOURCES OF HEAD

1. Friction Head - As water flows through pipe and
   fittings there is resistance. The higher the flow
   and/or the smaller the pipe, the higher the
   resistance. Determine your overall pipe length,
   including adding in the equivalent length for
   your fittings. Consult the friction loss chart.
   Find where the column for your pipe diameter
   intersects the row for your flow rate and read
   the friction loss per 100' pipe. Use large enough
   pipe to minimize friction loss. It is usually
   best to keep your friction loss (per 100 feet of
   pipe) to less than 6 feet. In other words, once
   you know the desired flow rate, pick a pipe
   diameter, or schedule, that will give you less
   than 6 feet of friction loss per 100 feet of
   pipe. (Friction Loss and Fittings Loss)

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3 MAIN SOURCES OF HEAD

• Pressure Head - Any additional pressure required
  by filters, spray nozzles, etc. must be
  calculated. The conversion is 1 PSI 2.31 head
  feet.
• - Atmospheric pressure usually refers to the
  pressure in the local environment of the pump.
  Atmospheric pressure varies with elevation, it is
  14.7 psi at sea level and decreases with rising
  elevation.
• If our filter runs at 10 PSI, that would add
  23.1 feet of head to the 17.9 feet required to
  overcome the friction loss of our pipe and
  fittings. So now the total pump head is 41 feet
  without considering the static head. (Notice that
  the pump head will increase as the filter gets
  dirty and increases the back pressure.)

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3 MAIN SOURCES OF HEAD

1. Total dynamic head ( TDH) Sum of static head,
   friction loss head, fittings loss head, and
   pressure head.

Type of head Source Calculation PH in Feet
Static Head Elevated Pipe 10' - above surface of water 10.0
Pipe Loss 2" Pipe 8.12' per 100 feet of pipe 13.0
Fittings Loss 6' per elbow 10x 2" 90 elbows 60 ft 4.9
Pressure Head Filter running at 10 psi x 2.31 23.1
Total Pump head in feet Total Pump head in feet Total Pump head in feet 51.0
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3 MAIN SOURCES OF HEAD

• Don't forget to add up the equivalent feet of
  pipe for all the fittings. Now that you know your
  flow and head, you can select a pump that
  provides this performance, and does so
  efficiently.

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Losses of Head in Pumping System

• Power supplied to the pump must take into account
  the various losses. These are made up of
• Friction Loss in bearings and glands, surfaces of
  impeller and casing. Impellers should be highly
  polished to minimize friction loss.
• Head Loss in pump due to shock at each entry and
  exit to impeller vane where eddies are formed at
  vane edges.
• Leakage loss in thrust balance devices, gland
  sealing, clearances between cutwater and casing
  and bearing seals.

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Requirement for Viscosity of the Fluid for Pump

• Viscosity - the property of a fluid or semifluid
  that causes it to resist flowing
• Oil are much more difficult for pumps to handle
  than water. Losses increase within the pump and
  pump lines. Both head and capacity are reduced
  therefore more power is required for operation.
• Both hot and thick liquids should flow to the
  pump under a positive suction head (flow by
  gravity) for satisfactory operation. The pump
  will then be kept properly primed in the case of
  thick liquids vaporization and vapour binding
  will be avoided in the case of hot liquids.

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Requirement for Viscosity of the Fluid for Pump

• The problem of lifting a hot liquid is often
  difficult. The hotter the liquid, the lower will
  be the maximum possible suction lift. Water boils
  at 100 C atmospheric pressure. Under the partial
  vacuum that exists in the feed pipe, the boiling
  point is lower. Part of the hot water may
  vaporize causing vapour binding in the pump. In
  some cases the water vaporizes and expands
  sufficiently to destroy the vacuum thereby, stops
  the effectiveness of pumping.

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Requirement for Viscosity of the Fluid for Pump

• When pumping hot oil, it may happen that a small
  amount of water entrained in the oil may flash
  (boil) and interrupt the pumping operation. This
  can be serious in the case of a fuel oil service
  pump, as it may cause a flare back from the
  boilers. Providing an air chamber on the
  discharge line which will maintain a pressure
  while the pump is compressing the vapour in the
  line, can guard this against other precautions
  may be taken.

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Requirement for Viscosity of the Fluid for Pump

• Here is what is going to change when you pump
  viscous fluids with a centrifugal pump
• The brake horsepower requirement will increase.
• You will notice a reduction in the head the pump
  will produce.
• Some reduction in capacity will occur with
  moderate and high viscosities.
• The pump's efficiency will decrease.

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Requirement for Viscosity of the Fluid for Pump

• High viscosity fluids are better handled with
  positive displacement pumps that are affected
  differently than centrifugal pumps by a change in
  fluid viscosity
• At a constant speed, changes in viscosity will
  have very little affect on capacity.
• The total head will probably increase with
  viscosity because of higher system resistance.
• The brake horsepower (kilowatts) will increase
  with capacity.
• The efficiency probably will not be affected
  because of less leakage through the internal pump
  clearances. In some cases the efficiency will
  increase

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Pre-Bunker Checklist

• Pre-Bunkering Procedure
• 1. State of adjacent waters noticed
• 2. Vessel properly secured to dock
• 3. Check suppliers product corresponds to ordered
  product
• 4. Agree quantity to be supplied
• 5. Check valves open
• 6. Day tanks full and supply valves closed
• 7. Warning signs in position e.g. No Smoking
• 8. SOPEP plan available

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• 9. Clean up material in place
• 10. Oil Boom in place
• 11. Foam fire extinguisher placed at bunker
  station
• 12. Alfa Laval and transfer pumps off
• 13. Fuel tank supply valves open
• 14. Agree stop/start signals between vessel and
  barge/truck
• 15. Bravo flag flying/red light showing
• 16. Agree pumping/transfer rate
• 17. Agree emergency shut down procedure
• 18. Specification sheet received

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• 19. Check hose and couplings are secure and in
  good order
• 20. Fuel nozzle and hose secured to vessel
• 21. Check barge/truck meters Reading
• 22. Check on board meters Reading
• 23. Bunker Valve open
• 24. Unused manifold connections blanked off
• 25. Master informed
• 26. Signal pumping to commence
• The above checklist has to be completely filled
  legibly by both the ship barge personnels.

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SOPEP equipments

• At the bunker manifold and wherever necessary, as
  per the ships SOPEP plan, the SOPEP equipments
  should be kept in immediate readiness in order to
  avoid oil spill/pollution during bunkering
  operation.

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SOPEP- Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan.

• SOPEP- Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan.
• The SOPEP Locker must have minimum of the below
  specified items
• 1. absorbent roll
• 2. absorbent pads
• 3. absorbent granules
• 4. absorbent materials
• 5. brooms
• 6. shovels
• 7. mops
• 8. scoops
• 9. empty receptacles (200 ltrs capacity)
• 10. portable air driven pumps
• 11. oil boom
• 12. oil spill dispersants.

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During Bunkering Procedures

• During Bunkering checklist
• 1. Witness taking and sealing of 2 representative
  product samples
• 2. Monitor fuel connections for leaks fuel flow
  and control tank levels
• 3. Change over of tanks whenever necessary.
• 4. Checking the rate at which bunkers are
  received.
• 5. Checking the tightness/slackness of mooring
  ropes.
• 6. Checking trim/list of the bunker barge the
  ship.
• 7. Continuous monitoring/look outs for the
  vessel's position(when at anchor).
• During bunkering, the above checklist must be
  filled up and continuous monitoring of the above
  specified items are required till the bunkering
  operation is complete.

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After Bunkering Procedures

• On completion of the bunkering operations, with
  the ship-barge co-ordination, the line should be
  blown with air to make sure the line is not
  filled with oil. The after-bunker checklist is
  followed.
• After Bunker Checklist
• 1. Bunker Valve closed
• 2. Disconnect hose (drain before disconnecting)
• 3. Check barge/truck meter Reading
• 4. Check ships meter Reading

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• 5. Sign Bunker Delivery Receipt BDR No.(Bunker
  Delivery Report/Note).
• 6. Retain BDR with product sample
• 7. SOPEP plan returned to bridge
• 8. Clean up gear stowed / Oil boom returned
• 9. Bravo Flag/Red light stowed/switched off
• 10. Remove and pack away warning/safety signs
• 11. Foam fire extinguisher placed back in correct
  location
• 12. Complete Oil Record Book
• 13. Master informed of completion
• 14. Confirm in Oil Record Book Bunkering
  checklist completed

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END OF PRESENTATION
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Glossary in Pumps and Pumping System

• Fluid - any substance that undergoes a change in
  pressure, temperature or volume used as means to
  carry out a thermodynamic process or cycle
• Cavitation the collapse of bubbles that are
  formed in the eye of the impeller due to low
  pressure. The implosion of the bubbles on the
  inside of the vanes creates pitting and erosion
  that damages the impeller. The design of the
  pump, the pressure and temperature of the liquid
  that enters the pump suction determines whether
  the fluid will cavitate or not.

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Glossary in Pumps and Pumping System

• Centrifugal force A force associated with a
  rotating body. In the case of a pump, the
  rotating impeller pushes fluid on the back of the
  impeller blade, imparting circular and radial
  motion. A body that moves in a circular path has
  a centrifugal force associated with it .
• Dead head a situation that occurs when the
  pump's discharge is closed either due to a
  blocage in the line or an inadvertently closed
  valve. At this point, the pump will go to it's
  maximum shut-off head, the fluid will be
  recirculated within the pump resulting in
  overheating and possible damage.
• Diffuser located in the discharge area of the
  pump, the diffuser is a set of fixed vanes often
  an integral part of the casing that reduces
  turbulence by promoting a more gradual reduction
  in velocity.

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Glossary in Pumps and Pumping System

• Efficiency the efficiency of a pump can be
  determined by measuring the torque at the pump
  shaft with a torque meter and then calculating
  the efficiency based on the speed of the pump,
  the pressure or total head and flow produced by
  the pump. The standard equation for torque and
  speed provides power.
• Absolute pressure pressure is measured in psi
  (pounds per square inch) in the imperial system
  and kPa (kiloPascal or bar) in the metric system.
  Most pressure measurements are made relative to
  the local atmospheric pressure. In that case we
  add a "g" to the pressure measurement unit such
  as psig or kPag. The value of the local
  atmospheric pressure varies with elevation.

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Glossary in Pumps and Pumping System

• It is not the same if you are at sea level (14.7
  psia) or at 4000 feet elevation (12.7 psia). In
  certain cases it is necessary to measure pressure
  values that are less then the local atmospheric
  pressure and in those cases we use the absolute
  unit of pressure, the psia or kPa a.
• pa(psia) pr(psig) patm(psia), patm 14.7
  psia at sea level.
• where pa is the absolute pressure, pr the
  relative pressure and patm the absolute pressure
  value of the local atmospheric pressure.

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Glossary in Pumps and Pumping System

• Accumulator used in domestic water applications
  to stabilize the pressure in the system and avoid
  the pump cycling on and off every time a tap is
  opened somewhere in the house.
• Affinity laws the affinity laws are used to
  predict the change in diameter required to
  increase the flow or total head of a pump. They
  can also predict the change in speed required to
  achieve a different flow and total head. The
  affinity laws can only be applied in
  circumstances where the system has a high
  friction head compared to the static head and
  this is because the affinity laws can only be
  applied between performance points that are at
  the same efficiency.
• Axial flow pump refers to a design of a
  centrifugal pump for high flow and low head. The
  impeller shape is similar to a propeller. The
  value of the specific speed number will provide
  an indication whether an axial flow pump design
  is suitable for your application

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Glossary in Pumps and Pumping System

• Baseplate all pumps require some sort of steel
  base that holds the pump and motor and is
  anchored to a concrete base.
• Best Efficiency Point (B.E.P.) The point on a
  pump's performance curve that corresponds to the
  highest efficiency. At this point, the impeller
  is subjected to minimum radial force promoting a
  smooth operation with low vibration and noise.
• Bingham plastic A fluid that behaves in a
  Newtonian fashion (i.e. constant viscosity) but
  requires a certain level of stress to set it in
  motion.
• Bourdon pressure gauge the Bourdon tube is a
  sealed tube that deflects in response to applied
  pressure and is the most common type of pressure
  sensing mechanism.

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Glossary in Pumps and Pumping System

• Check valve a device for preventing flow in the
  reverse direction. The pump should not be allowed
  to turn in the reverse direction as damage and
  spillage may occur. Check valves are not used in
  certain applications where the fluid contains
  solids such as pulp suspensions or slurries as
  the check valve tends to jam. A check valve with
  a rapid closing feature is also used as a
  preventative for water hammer.
• Chopper pump a pump with a serrated impeller
  edge which can cut large solids and prevent
  clogging.
• Closed or open impeller the impeller vanes are
  sandwiched within a shroud which keeps the fluid
  in contact with the impeller vanes at all times.
  This type of impeller is more efficient than an
  open type impeller. The disadvantage is that the
  fluid passages are narrower and could get plugged
  if the fluid contains impurities or solids.

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Glossary in Pumps and Pumping System

• CV coefficient a coefficient developed by
  control valve manufacturers that provides an
  indication of how much flow the valve can handle
  for a 1 psi pressure drop. For example, a control
  valve that has a CV of 500 will be able to pass
  500 gpm with a pressure drop of 1 psi. CV
  coefficients are sometimes used for other devices
  such as check valves.
• Cutwater the narrow space between the impeller
  and the casing in the discharge area of the
  casing.
• Diaphragm pump a positive displacement pump.
  Double Diaphragm pumps offer smooth flow,
  reliable operation, and the ability to pump a
  wide variety of viscous, chemically aggressive,
  abrasive and impure liquids. They are used in
  many industries such as mining, petro-chemical,
  pulp and paper and others.

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Glossary in Pumps and Pumping System

• Dilatant The property of a fluid whose viscosity
  increases with strain or displacement.
• Double suction pump the liquid is channeled
  inside the pump casing to both sides of the
  impeller. This provides a very stable hydraulic
  performance because the hydraulic forces are
  balanced. The impeller sits in the middle of the
  shaft which is supported on each end by a bearing
• Double volute pump a pump where the immediate
  volute of the impeller is separated by a
  partition from the main body of the casing. This
  design reduces the radial load on the impeller
  making the pump run smoother and vibration free.

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Glossary in Pumps and Pumping System

• Drooping curve similar to the normal profile
  except at the low flow end where the head rises
  then drops as it gets to the shut-off head point.
  
• End suction pump a typical centrifugal pump, the
  workhorse of industry. Also known as volute pump,
  standard pump, horizontal suction pump. The back
  pull out design is a standard feature and allows
  easy removal of the impeller and shaft with the
  complete drive and bearing assembly while keeping
  the piping and motor in place.
• Expeller a hydro-dynamic seal that provides a
  seal without addition of water to the gland,
  specially useful for liquid slurries.

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Glossary in Pumps and Pumping System

• External Gear pump a positive displacement pump.
  Two spur gears are housed in one casing with
  close clearance. Liquid is trapped between the
  gear tooth spaces and the casing, the rotation of
  the gears pumps the liquid. They are also used
  for high pressure industrial transfer and
  metering applications on clean, filtered,
  lubricating fluids.
• Foot valve a check valve that is put on the end
  of the pump suction pipe, often accompanied with
  an integrated strainer.
• Head the height at which a pump can displace a
  liquid to. Head is also a form of energy. In pump
  systems there are 4 different types of head
  elevation head or static head, pressure head,
  velocity head and friction head loss.

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Glossary in Pumps and Pumping System

• Hydraulic gradient All the energy terms of the
  system ( for example velocity head and piping and
  fitting friction loss) are converted to head and
  graphed above an elevation drawing of the
  installation. It helps to visualize where all the
  energy terms are located and ensure that nothing
  is missed.
• Impeller The rotating element of a pump which
  consists of a disk with curved vanes. The
  impeller imparts movement and pressure to the
  fluid.
• Impeller eye that area of the centrifugal pump
  that channels fluid into the vane area of the
  impeller. The diameter of the eye will control
  how much fluid can get into the pump at a given
  flow rate without causing excessive pressure drop
  and cavitation.

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Glossary in Pumps and Pumping System

• Hydraulic gradient All the energy terms of the
  system ( for example velocity head and piping and
  fitting friction loss) are converted to head and
  graphed above an elevation drawing of the
  installation. It helps to visualize where all the
  energy terms are located and ensure that nothing
  is missed.
• Impeller The rotating element of a pump which
  consists of a disk with curved vanes. The
  impeller imparts movement and pressure to the
  fluid.
• Impeller eye that area of the centrifugal pump
  that channels fluid into the vane area of the
  impeller. The diameter of the eye will control
  how much fluid can get into the pump at a given
  flow rate without causing excessive pressure drop
  and cavitation.

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Glossary in Pumps and Pumping System

• Inducer an inducer is a device attached to the
  impeller eye that is usually shaped like a screw
  that helps increase the pressure at the impeller
  vane entrance and make viscous or liquids with
  high solids pumpable.
• Internal gear pump a positive displacement pump
  invented by Jens Nielsen, one of the founders of
  Viking Pump. It uses two rotating gears which
  un-mesh at the suction side of the pump to create
  voids which allow atmospheric pressure to force
  fluid into the pump. The spaces between the gear
  teeth transport the fluid on either side of a
  crescent to the discharge side, and then the
  gears re-mesh to discharge the fluid.

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Glossary in Pumps and Pumping System

• Jet pump a jet pump is a commonly available
  residential water supply pump. It has an
  interesting clever design that can lift water
  from a well (up to 25 feet) and allow it to
  function without a check valve on the suction and
  furthermore does not require priming. The heart
  of the design is a venturi (source of water is
  from the discharge side of the impeller) that
  creates low pressure providing a vacuum at the
  suction and allowing the pump to lift fluids.
• Laminar A distinct flow regime that occurs at
  low Reynolds number (Re lt2000). It is
  characterized by fluid particles in layers moving
  past one another without mixing.

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Glossary in Pumps and Pumping System

• Lobe pump a positive displacement pump.
  Primarily used in food applications because they
  handle solids without damaging them. Lobes are
  driven by external timing gears as a result the
  lobes do not make contact. Liquid travels around
  the interior of the casing in the pockets between
  the lobes and the casing, meshing of the lobes
  forces liquid through the outlet port under
  pressure.
• Mechanical seal a name for the joint that seals
  the fluid in the pump stopping it from coming out
  at the joint between the casing and the pump
  shaft.
• Net Positive Suction Head Available (N.P.S.H.A.)
  Net positive suction head available. The head or
  specific energy at the pump suction flange less
  the vapor pressure head of the fluid.

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Glossary in Pumps and Pumping System

• Net Positive Suction Head Required (N.P.S.H.R.)
  Net positive suction head required. The
  manufacturers estimate on the NPSH required for
  the pump at a specific flow, total head, speed
  and impeller diameter. This is determined my
  measurement.
• Newtonian fluid A fluid whose viscosity is
  constant and independent of the rate of shear
  (strain). For Newtonian fluids, there is a linear
  relationship between the rate of shear and the
  tangential stress between layers.
• Operating point The point (flow rate and total
  head) at which the pump operates. It is located
  at the intersection of the system curve and the
  performance curve of a pump. It corresponds to
  the flow and head required for the process.

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Glossary in Pumps and Pumping System

• Peripheral pump also known as regenerative or
  regenerative turbine pump. These are low capacity
  (150 gpm or 34 m3/h) high head (5400 ft or 1645
  m) pumps. The impeller has short vanes at the
  periphery and these vanes pass through an annular
  channel. The fluid enters between two impeller
  vanes and is set into a circular motion, this
  adds energy to the fluid particles which travel
  in a spiral like path from the inlet to the
  outlet. Each set of vanes continuously adds
  energy to the fluid particles.
• Performance curve A plot of Total Head vs. flow
  for a specific pump model, impeller diameter and
  speed (syn characteristic curve, water
  performance curve)

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Glossary in Pumps and Pumping System

• Pipe roughness A measurement of the average
  height of peaks producing roughness on the
  internal surface of pipes. Roughness is measured
  in many locations and then averaged, it is
  usually defined in micro-inches RMS (root mean
  square).
• Piping pressure (maximum) it may be necessary in
  certain applications to check the maximum rating
  of your pipes to avoid bursting due to excessive
  pressure. The ASME pressure piping code B31.3
  provides the maximum stress for pipes of various
  materials.
• Pitot pump also know as rotating casing pump.
  This pumps specialty is low to medium flow rates
  at high pressures. It is frequently used for high
  pressure shower supply on paper machines.

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Glossary in Pumps and Pumping System

• Pressure The application of a force to a body
  producing more or less compression within the
  liquid. In a static fluid pressure varies with
  height.
• Pressure head an expression of energy,
  specifically it is energy per unit weight of
  fluid displaced.
• Progressive cavity pump a positive displacement
  pump. These pumps are ideal for fluids that are
  just too tough for other pumps to handle. e.g.
  pastes, greases, sludge etc. They consist of only
  one driven metal rotor rotating within an
  elastomer lined (elastic) stator.
• Pseudoplastic The property of a fluid whose
  viscosity increases slowly with rate of shear.

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Glossary in Pumps and Pumping System

• Pumps as turbines (PAT) Pumps used in reverse to
  act as turbines.
• Radial flow pump refers to the design of a
  centrifugal pump for medium head and medium flow
  or high head and low flow. The value of the
  specific speed number will provide an indication
  whether a radial pump design is suitable for your
  application.
• Radial vane pump also known as partial emission
  pump or vane pump. A frame mounted, end suction,
  top centerline discharge, ANSI pump designed
  specifically to handle corrosive chemicals at low
  flows.
• Recessed impeller pump sometimes known as vortex
  pump. This is a frame-mounted, back pull-out, end
  suction, recessed impeller, tangential discharge
  pump designed specifically to handle certain
  bulky or fibrous solids, air or gas entrained
  liquids or shear sensitive liquids.

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Glossary in Pumps and Pumping System

• Recirculation at low flow and high flow compared
  to the flow at the B.E.P. the fluid will start to
  recirculate or move in a reverse direction at the
  suction and at the discharge.
• Reynolds number the Reynolds number is
  proportional to the ratio of velocity and
  viscosity, the higher the number (higher than
  4000 for turbulent flow) the more turbulent the
  flow and the less viscosity has an effect.
• Screw impeller The screw centrifugal impeller is
  shaped like a tapered Archimedes screw.
  Originally developped for pumping live fish, the
  screw centrifugal pump has become popular for
  many solids handling applications.
• Self-priming pump a pump that does not require
  priming or a initial filling with liquid. The
  pump casing carries a reserve of water that helps
  create a vacuum that will lift the fluid from a
  low source.

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Glossary in Pumps and Pumping System

• Shut-off head The Total Head corresponding to
  zero flow on the pump performance curve.
• Side channel pump is a pump that provides high
  head at low flows with the added benefit of being
  able to handle gases.
• Siphon A system of piping or tubing where the
  exit point is lower than the entry point and
  where some part of the piping is above the free
  surface of the fluid source.
• Sludge pump certain types of sludges tend to
  settle very quickly and are hard to keep in
  suspension
• Slurry pump a rugged heavy duty pump intended
  for aggressive or abrasive slurry solutions
  typically found in the mining industry with
  particles of various sizes. It achieves this by
  lining the inside of the pump casing as well as
  the impeller with rubber.

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Glossary in Pumps and Pumping System

• Specific gravity (SG) the ratio of the density
  of a fluid to that of water at standard
  conditions. If the SG is 1 then the density is
  the same as water, if it is less than 1 then the
  fluid is less dense than water and heavier than
  water if the SG is bigger than 1. Mercury has an
  SG of 14, gasoline has an SG of 0.8. The
  usefulness of specific gravity is that it has no
  units since it is a comparative measure of
  density or a ratio of densities therefore
  specific gravity will have the same value no
  matter what system of units we are using
• Specific speed a number that provides an
  indication what type of pump (for example radial,
  mixed flow or axial) is suitable for the
  application.

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Glossary in Pumps and Pumping System

• Standard volute pump close coupled The volute is
  the casing which has a spiral shape. The motor
  shaft is connected to the impeller without an
  intermediate coupling providing a compact
  arrangement. The flow range is typically less
  than 300 gpm.
• Standard volute pump separately coupled The
  volute is the casing which has a spiral shape.
  The motor shaft is connected to the impeller with
  an intermediate shaft with two couplings.
• Stuffing box the joint that seals the fluid in
  the pump stopping it from coming out between the
  casing and the pump shaft.
• Submersion Submersion as used here is the height
  between the free surface of a suction tank and
  the pump intake pipe.
• Suction flow splitter a rib of metal across the
  pump suction that is installed on certain pumps.
  It's purpose is to remove large scale vortexes so
  that the stream lines are as parallel as possible
  as the fluid enters the impeller eye.

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Glossary in Pumps and Pumping System

• Suction guide a device that helps straighten the
  flow ahead of a pump that has a 90 degree elbow
  immediately ahead of it.
• Suction specific speed a number that indicates
  whether the suction conditions are sufficient to
  prevent cavitation. According to the Hydraulic
  Institute the suction specific speed should be
  less than 8500. Other experiments have shown that
  the suction specific speed could be as high as
  11000.
• Suction Static Head The difference in elevation
  between the liquid level of the fluid source and
  the centerline of the pump This head also
  includes any additional pressure head that may be
  present at the suction tank fluid surface, for
  example as in the case of a pressurized suction
  tank.

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Glossary in Pumps and Pumping System

• Suction Static Lift The same definition as the
  Suction Static head. This term is only used when
  the pump centerline is above the suction tank
  fluid surface.
• System as in pump system. The system includes
  all the piping, including the equipment, starting
  at the inlet point (often the fluid surface of
  the suction tank) and ending at the outlet point
  (often the fluid surface of the discharge tank).
• System Curve A graphical representation the pump
  Total Head vs. flow. Calculations are done for
  the total head at different flow rates, these
  points are linked and form a curve called the
  system curve. It can be used to predict how the
  pump will perform at different flow rates. The
  Total head includes the static head which is
  constant and the friction head and velocity head
  difference which depends on the flow rate. The
  intersection of the system curve with the pump
  characteristic curve defines the operating point
  of the pump.

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Glossary in Pumps and Pumping System

• System requirements Those elements that
  determine Total Head friction and the system
  inlet and outlet conditions (for example
  velocity, elevation and pressure).
• Thixotropic The property of a fluid whose
  viscosity decreases with time.
• Total Head The difference between the pressure
  head at the discharge and suction flange of the
  pump
• Turbulent The behavior of fluid articles within
  a flow stream characterized by the rapid movement
  of particles in many directions as well as the
  general direction of the overall fluid flow.
• Total Static Head The difference between the
  discharge and suction static head including the
  difference between the surface pressure of the
  discharge and suction tanks if the tanks are
  pressurized

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Glossary in Pumps and Pumping System

• Vane pass frequency when doing a vibration
  analysis this frequency (no. of vanes times the
  shaft speed) and it's even multiples shows up as
  a peak which can indicate a damaged or imbalanced
  impeller.
• Vacuum pressure less than atmospheric pressure.
• Vane pump (hydraulic) a positive displacement
  pump. Vane pumps are used successfully in a wide
  variety of applications (see below). Because of
  vane strength and the absence of metal-to-metal
  contact, vane pumps are ideally suited for
  low-viscosity, non lubricating liquids up to
  2,200 cSt / 10,000 SSU. Such liquids include LPG,
  ammonia, solvents, alcohol, fuel oils, gasoline,
  and refrigerants.
• Vapor pressure The pressure at which a liquid
  boils for a specific temperature.

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Glossary in Pumps and Pumping System

• Venturi (Bernoulli's law) a venturi is a pipe
  that has a gradual restriction that opens up into
  a gradual enlargement. The area of the
  restriction will have a lower pressure than the
  enlarged area ahead of it.
• Viscous drag pump a pump whose impeller has no
  vanes but relies on fluid contact with a flat
  rotating plate turning at high speed to move the
  liquid.
• Water hammer (pressure surge) If in systems with
  long discharge lines,(e.g. in industrial and
  municipal water supply systems ,in refineries and
  power stations) the pumped fluid is accelerated
  or decelerated, pressure fluctuations occur owing
  to the changes in velocity. If these velocity
  changes occur rapidly , they propagate a pressure
  surge in the piping system, originating from the
  point of disturbance propagation takes place in
  both directions (direct waves),and these waves
  are reflected (indirect waves) at points of
  discontinuity ,e.g. changes of the cross
  sectional area ,pipe branches, control or
  isolating valves, pumps or reservoir. The
  boundary conditions decide whether these
  reflections cause negative or positive surges.
  The summation of all direct and indirect waves at
  a given point at a given time produces the
  conditions present at this point.