INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONAL ART

1
INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONAL ART

• By
• DR. M. VEGO
• JMO DEPARTMENT,
• U.S. NAVAL WAR COLLEGE, NEWPORT, RI.

2

• WAR IS NOT AN AFFAIR OF CHANCE. A GREAT DEAL OF
  KNOWLEDGE, STUDY AND MEDITATION IS NECESSARY TO
  CONDUCT IT WELL.
• FREDERICK THE GREAT, 1747

3
TERMS USED

• GRAND TACTICS
• OPERATIONS (OPERATIONS)
• OPERATIONAL ART (OPERATIONSKUNST)
• OPERATIONAL ART (OPERATIVNOYE ISKUSSTVO)
• OPERATIONAL LEADERSHIP (OPERATIONSFUEHRUNG
  OPERATIVE FUEHRUNG)
• OPERATIONAL WARFARE
• OPERATIONAL WARFIGHTING

4
HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF COMPONENTS OF MILITARY ART
STRATEGY
OPERATIONS (Operational Art)
TACTICS
PPT-98-VEG0-38A (PFR)
5
ON OPERATIONAL ART

• AN INTERMEDIATE FIELD OF STUDY AND PRACTICE
  BETWEEN STRATEGY AND TACTICS
• IT IS APPLIED ACROSS THE ENTIRE OPERATIONAL
  CONTINUUM
• IT DEALS WITH THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PLANNING,
  PREPARING, CONDUCTING, AND SUSTAINING MAJOR
  OPERATIONS AND CAMPAIGNS AIMED AT ACCOMPLISHING
  OPERATIONAL OR STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES IN A THEATER.

6

• THE NATION THAT WILL INSIST ON DRAWING A BROAD
  LINE BETWEEN THE FIGHTING MAN AND THE THINKING
  MAN IS LIABLE TO FIND ITS FIGHTING DONE BY FOOLS
  AND ITS THINKING DONE BY COWARDS.
• SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS BUTLER

7
MILITARY SCIENCE AND MILITARY ART
MILITARY SCIENCE
STRATEGY
TACTICS
MILITARY ART
OPERATIONS (OPERATIONAL ART)
PPT-98-VEG0-10A (PFR)
8
IMPORTANCE

• TACTICS ALONE CANNOT ACCOMPLISH STRATEGIC
  OBJECTIVES IN A THEATER OR WIN THE WAR RESULTS
  OF TACTICAL ACTIONS ARE USEFUL ONLY WHEN LINKED
  TOGETHER AS A PART OF SOME LARGER DESIGN FRAMED
  BY STRATEGY AND ORCEHSTRATED BY OPERATIONAL ART
• THE GAP BETWEEN STRATEGY AND TACTICS IS TOO LARGE
  TO BE BRIDGED WITHOUT AN INTERMEDIATE FIELD OF
  STUDY AND PRACTICE -- OPERATIONAL ART

9

• OPERATIONAL ART SEQUENCES AND SYNCHRONIZES SERIES
  OF TACTICAL ACTIONS TO ACCOMPLISH OPERATIONAL
  OBJECTIVES THROUGH THE CONDUCT OF MAJOR
  OPERATIONS STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES IN A THEATER
  ARE NORMALLY ACCOMPLISHED THROUGH SERIES OF MAJOR
  OPERATIONS
• OPERATIONAL ART ALLOWS A SMALLER, BUT BETTER
  TRAINED AND SKILLFULLY LED FORCE GUIDED BY SOUND
  STRATEGY TO DEFEAT QUICKLY AND DECISIVELY A MUCH
  STRONGER FORCE.

10

• OPERATIONAL ART HELPS TO AVOID MORE COSTLY AND
  TIME-CONSUMING ATTRITIONAL WARFARE AT THE
  OPERATIONAL AND STRATEGIC LEVELS
• IT PROVIDES A FRAMEWORK AND KEY INPUTS FOR
  WRITING SERVICE AND JOINT/COMBINED DOCTRINE
• IT REINFORCES THE NEED FOR THE CLOSEST
  COOPERATION AMONG THE SERVICES -- JOINTNESS.

11
CHARACTERISTICS

• MOVEMENTS OF LARGE MULTI-SERVICE OR
  MULTI-NATIONAL FORCES OVER LARGE PART OF THE
  THEATER
• THE DEPLOYMENT FORMS THE VERY BASIS OF A PLAN FOR
  CAMPAIGN OR MAJOR OPERATION
• SEQUENCED AND SYNCHRONIZED EMPLOYMENT OF MILITARY
  AND NON-MILITARY SOURCES OF POWER

12
PREREQUISITES

• A SUFFICIENT PHYSICAL SPACE FOR MOVEMENTS OF
  LARGE FORMATIONS
• FULL MASTERY OF TACTICS
• THE COMMANDERS MUST HAVE THAT RARE ABILITY TO
  THINK BEYOND THE REALM OF PHYSICAL COMBAT
• THE EXISTENCE OF THE THEATER-WIDE STRUCTURE (C2
  C2W INTELLIGENCE FIRES LOGISTICS AND
  PROTECTION).

13
COMPONENTS
14
MILITARY ART COMPONENTS
COMPONENT
LEVEL OF WAR
THEORY AND PRACTICE
NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY OR ALLIANCE/COALITION
STRATEGY)

• STRATEGIC
• NATIONAL-STRATEGIC
• THEATER-STRATEGIC

STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE
CONFLICT/WAR TERMINATION
ISSUING STRATEGIC GUIDANCE
DETERMINATION OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY THEATERS
STRATEGY
ALLOCATION OF MILITARY RESOURCES AMONG THEATERS
OFFENSIVE OR DEFENSIVE
BUILDING ALLIANCE/COALITION
ENHANCING COUNTRYS GEOSTRATEGIC POSITION
NATIONAL MILITARY STRATEGY
THEORY AND PRACTICE
OPERATIONAL-STRATEGIC
INPUT TO CONFLICT/ WAR TERMINATION
OPERATIONAL FACTORS
OPERATIONAL FUNTIONS
OPERATIONAL ART (OPERATIONS)
OPERATIONAL ART (OPERATIONS)
OPERATIONAL LEADERSHIP
OPERATIONAL PLANNING
OPERATIONAL
OPERATIONAL TRAINING
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATIONAL WARFARE
ELEMENTS OF OPERATIONAL WARFARE
METHODS OF COMBAT FORCE EMPLOYMENT
OPERATIONAL-TACTICAL
THEORY AND PRACTICE
COMBAT ARMS TACTICS
TACTICS OF BRANCHES
METHODS OF TACTICAL EMPLOYMENT
TACTICS
TACTICS OF WEAPONS PLATFORMS
TACTICAL PLANNING
TACTICAL
TACTICS
TACTICS OF TYPE OF SHIPS/ AIRCRAFT
TACTICS OF COMBINED ARMS
TYPES OF SHIPS / AIRCRAFT
TACTICAL FUNCTIONS
PPT-99-VEGO-40 (PFR)
15
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMPONENTS OF MILITARY ART
AND THE LEVELS OF WAR
COMPONENTS OF MILITARY ART
LEVEL OF WAR
COMMAND ECHELON
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
NATIONAL-STRATEGIC LEVEL
NATIONAL-STRATEGIC
GLOBAL
STRATEGY
THEATER-STRATEGIC LEVEL
THEATER-STRATEGIC
THEATER OF WAR
OPERATIONAL
THEATER OF OPERATIONS
OPERATIONAL ART
OPERATIONAL
(LAND, MARITIME)
OPERATIONAL-TACTICAL LEVEL
OPERATIONAL-TACTICAL
AREA OF OPERATIONS
(LAND, MARITIME, AIR)
TACTICS
TACTICAL LEVEL
TACTICAL
COMBAT ZONE (SECTOR)
(LAND, MARITIME, AIR)
PPT-97VEG024A (PFR)
16
OPERATIONAL FACTORS
17
OPERATIONAL FACTORS
OBJECTIVE
OPERATIONAL FACTORS
SPACE-
FORCE
TIME
SPACE
FORCE
TIME-SPACE
TIME-FORCE
BALANCING
FORCE
SPACE -
TIME -
INFORMATION
PPT-96VEG040B
18
THE FACTOR OF SPACE
GEOSTRATEGIC POSITIONS
DISTANCES
SIZE
FACTOR SPACE
MILITARY ORGANIZATION OF SPACE
SHAPE
ELEMENTS OF THE THEATER
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
DYNAMICS OF SPACE
PPT-97VEG022 7/26/2020
19
THE FACTOR OF TIME
DURATION OF WAR
DECISION CYCLE
COLLECTING, PROCESSING AND EVALUATING INFORMATION
OPENING HOSTILITIES
MANEUVER/COUNTER- MANEUVER
PLANNING
WARNING
TIME BETWEEN CONSECUTIVE MAJOR OPERATIONS/ CAMPAIG
NS
REACTION
ACCOMPLISHMENT OF THE MISSION
MOBILIZATION
TIME FOR
TRANSIT
DEPLOYMENT
COMMITMENT OF RESERVES
REDEPLOYMENT
TIMING
REGENERATION OF COMBAT POWER
PREPARATION
MASTERING NEW WEAPONS/ EQUIPMENT
BRINGING UP REINFORCEMENTS
ETC.
FOR WAR
FORCE RECONSTITUTION
FOR A MAJOR OPERATION/CAMPAIGN
CONCENTRATION/COUNTER- CONCENTRATION
PPT-96VEG032A (PFR)
20
COMBAT POTENTIAL vs. COMBAT POWER
COMBAT EFFECTIVENESS
DESIGNED
COMBAT POTENTIAL
COMBAT POWER
ENEMY COMBAT POWER
ACTIVATION OF COMBAT POWER
AVAILABLE
RELATIVE COMBAT POWER
PPT-00-VEGO-38 (PFR)
21
COMBAT POWER
FORCE
TIME
AVAILABLE COMBAT POTENTIAL
PLUS
INFLUENCES OF
COMBAT POWER
SPACE
SURPRISE
DECEPTION
FATIGUE
CHANCE / LUCK
ETC.
FOG OF WAR
DOCTRINE
FRICTION
INTELLIGENCE
FREEDOM OF ACTION / INITIATIVE
LOGISTICAL SUSTAINMENT
DECISIONS MADE
PPT-00-VEGO-36 (PFR)
22
THE THEATER
23
THEATER STRUCTURE AND LEVELS OF WAR
LEVELS OF WAR
ULTIMATE OBJECTIVE
THEATER (OF WAR)
NATIONAL OR ALLIANCE/COALITION STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE
THEATER-STRATEGIC
THEATER-STRATEGIC (OR MILITARY
STRATEGIC) OBJECTIVE
THEATER OF OPERATIONS
THEATER OF OPERATIONS
THEATER OF OPERATIONS
OPERATIONAL
AREAS OF OPERATIONS
OPERATIONAL OBJECTIVE OR MAJOR TACTICAL
OPERATIONAL-TACTICAL
AIR (SPACE)
MARITIME
LAND
JOINT
COMBAT ZONES/SECTORS
TACTICAL OBJECTIVE
TACTICAL
AIR (SPACE)
MARITIME
LAND
PPT-97VEG035
24
THEATER GEOEMETRY
CENTRAL (INTERIOR)
POSITIONS
PARALLEL
EXTERIOR
INTERIOR
CONVERGING
EXTERIOR
THEATER GEOMETRY
DIVERGING
TACTICAL
OPERATIONAL
STRATEGIC
LINE OF OPERATIONS (LOO)
MAIN INTERMEDIATE
BASE OF OPERATIONS
SINGLE
DOUBLE
SHORT
SHORT
MULTIPLE
LONG
LONG
PHYSICAL OBJECTIVES
DECISIVE POINTS
LINE OF COMMUNICATIONS (LOC)
TACTICAL
MINOR
MAJOR
LAND (LLOC)
OPERATIONAL
CENTRAL (INTERIOR)
GEOGRAPHIC-ORIENTED
STRATEGIC
SEA (SLOC)
FORCE-ORIENTED
OCEANIC
AIR (ALOC)
CYBER-ORIENTED
EXTERIOR
COASTAL


PPT-96VEG08
25
THEATER GEOMETRY
ENEMY CENTER OF GRAVITY
LOO
SLOC
PRINCIPAL OBJECTIVE
NEW LOOS
LOO
LLOC
INTERMEDIATE BASE OPERATIONS
BASE OF OPERATIONS
LOO
ALOC
NEW LOOS
LOO
DECISIVE POINTS
GEOGRAPHIC-ORIENTED FORCEORIENTED
97-VEG032.PPT
26
OPERATIONAL FUNCTIONS
27
OPERATIONAL FUNCTIONS(IN GENERIC TERMS)
COMMAND AND CONTROL (C2)
COMMAND, CONTROL, COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTERS (C3)
COMMAND CONTROL WARFARE (C2W)
INTELLIGENCE
OPERATIONAL FIRES
OPERATIONAL INTELLIGENCE
OPERATIONAL FUNCTIONS
FUNCTION
OPERATIONAL LOGISTICS
SUPPORT
OPERATIONAL PROTECTION
C2
PPT-96VEG07
28
SCALE OF INTELLIGENCE EFFORT
LEVEL OF WAR
LEVELS OF COMMAND
IN SUPPORT OF
STRATEGIC INTELLIGENCE
STRATEGIC
OPERATIONAL INTELLIGENCE
OPERATIONAL
TACTICAL INTELLIGENCE
TACTICAL
PPT-96VEG03A (PFR)
29
C2W COMPONENTS
INFORMATION WARFARE (IW)
INTELLIGENCE SUPPORT
OPERATIONS SECURITY (OPSEC)
ELECTRONIC WARFARE (EW)
PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS (PSYOPS)
C2W
EW SUPPORT
MILITARY DECEPTION (MILDEC)
ELECTRONIC ATTACK (EA)
ELECTRONIC PROTECTION (EP)
PHYSICAL DESTRUCTION
PPT-96VEG02
30
TYPE OF OPERATIONAL FIRES
OPERATIONAL FIRES
LETHAL
NON-LETHAL
CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS
AIR- BASED
ELECTRONIC WARFARE (EW)
WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION (WMD)
SEA- BASED
SPECIAL FORCES
NUCLEAR
GROUND- BASED
CHEMICAL
ELECTRONIC ATTACK (EA)
BIOLOGICAL
PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS (PSYOP)
PPT-96VEG011
31
SCALE OF LOGISTICAL SUPPORT
THE COMMUNICATIONS ZONE
THEATER OF WAR
THEATER OF WAR
COMBAT ZONE (SECTOR)
HOME BASE
THEATER SUSTAINMENT BASE
INTER-THEATER LOCs
INTRA-THEATER LOCs
THEATER OF OPERATIONS
STRATEGIC LOGISTICS
OPERATIONAL LOGISTICS
TACTICAL LOGISTICS
PPT-97VEG020 (PFR)
32
OPERATIONAL PROTECTION(IN GENERIC TERMS)
AIR DEFENSE AND AIRSPACE CONTROL
PROTECTION OF INFORMATION
COLLECTION OF INTELLIGENCE FOR INDICATORS
WARNING (IW)
AIR BASE GROUND DEFENSE (ABGD)
FORCE PROTECTION
COMPONENTS
MARITIME SECURITY OF PORTS / HARBORS
REAR AREA DEFENSE
DEFENSE AGAINST WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION (WMD)
PROTECTION OF LOGISTICS INFRASTRUCTURE
PPT-99-VEG0-61 (PFR)
33
STAGES OF COMBAT FORCE EMPLOYMENT
34
STAGES AND ELEMENTS OF COMBAT FORCE EMPLOYMENT
MILITARY DECISION-MAKING AND PLANNING
MAJOR STAGES
DEPLOYMENT
COMBAT EMPLOYMENT SUSTAINMENT
CONFLICT/ WAR TERMINATION
POST- HOSTILITIES ACTIONS
RECON- STITUTION
PRE- DEPLOYMENT ACTIVITIES
PEACETIME
MOBILIZATION
PEACETIME
REDEPLOYMENT
DEMOBILIZATION
OPERATIONAL/ TACTICAL
STRATEGIC
OFFENSE
OR
DEFENSE
CRITICAL FACTORS
PURSUIT/ COUNTER-PURSUIT
CENTERS OF GRAVITY
CONCENTRATION/ COUNTER CONCENTRATION
COMBAT SUCCESS
CULMINATING POINT
REGENERATION OF COMBAT POWER
MANEUVER / COUNTER MANEUVER
CONSOLIDATION OF COMBAT SUCCESS
ELEMENTS OF COMBAT FORCE EMPLOYMENT
PPT-98-VEGO-8 (PFR)
PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF WAR
35
ELEMENTS OF OPERATIONAL WARFARE
36
CONCEPT OF CRITICAL FACTORS
CRITICAL FACTORS
CONCRETE (TANGIBLE)
ABSTRACT (INTANGIBLE)
CRITICAL WEAKNESSES
CRITICAL STRENGTHS
IF OPEN TO ATTACK
CRITICAL VULNERABILITIES (CVs)
OBJECTIVE(S)
CENTER OF GRAVITY (COG)
97-VEG033.PPT
37
CRITICAL FACTORS
CRITICAL FACTORS
PHYSICAL (TANGIBLE)
ABSTRACT (INTANGIBLE)

• GEOGRAPHIC
• GEOSTRATEGIC POSITION
• GEOPOLITICAL POSITION
• POSITIONS
• BASE OF OPERATIONS
• LINES OF OPERATIONS
• LINES OF COMMUNICATIONS
• ETC.
• MILITARY
• ARMED FORCES
• INDIVIDUAL SERVICES (ARMY, NAVY, AIR FORCE)
• THEATER ARMY, FLEET, AIR FORCE
• NUMBERED ARMY, FLEET, AIR FORCE
• MAJOR FORCE ELEMENTS (AIR CORPS, NAVAL TASK
  FORCES, AIR TASK FORCES)
• TACTICAL UNITS (DIVISIONS, BRIGADES, REGIMENTS,
  NAVAL SQUADRONS / GROUPS, AIR DIVISIONS /
  REGIMENTS / SQUADRONS)
• INTELLIGENCE
• C3I NODES
• LOGISTICAL SUPPORT AND SUSTAINMENT
• BATTLEFIELD SURVEILLANCE

• POLITICAL
• DIPLOMATIC
• PSYCHOLOGICAL
• WILL TO FIGHT
• LEADERSHIP
• ALLIANCE/COALITION COHESION
• ALLIANCE / COALITIONS COMMUNITY OF INTERESTS
• PUBLIC SUPPORT
• UNITY OF COMMAND
• SERVICE / JOINT DOCTRINE
• MORALE
• DISCIPLINE
• COMBAT TRAINING
• COMBAT READINESS
• ETC.

• NON-MILITARY
• STATE ORGANIZATION
• ECONOMY
• MINERAL RESOURCES
• AGRICULTURE
• FINANCES
• BANKING
• ENERGY RESOURCES
• ETC.

97-VEG030.PPT
38
CENTER OF GRAVITY(IN GENERIC TERMS)

• IS A SOURCE OF MASSED STRENGTH --PHYSICAL
  OR MORAL OR A SOURCE OF LEVERAGE WHOSE SERIOUS
  DEGRADATION, DISLOCATION, NEUTRALIZATION, OR
  DESTRUCTION WILL HAVE THE MOST DECISIVE IMPACT ON
  THE ENEMYS OR ONES OWN ABILITY TO ACCOMPLISH A
  GIVEN MILITARY OBJECTIVE.

39
CENTER OF GRAVITYS COMPOSITION
OUTER CORE
PROTECTION
INTEGRATION ELEMENTS
TANGIBLE
INTANGIBLE
FIREPOWER
LEADERSHIP
MANEUVER
INFORMATION
INFORMATION
INNER CORE
SUPPORT
PPT-98-VEG0-4 (PFR)
40
OPERATIONAL MANEUVER
41
MANEUVER
FORCES
SCALE
MANEUVER
GROUND
TACTICAL
AIR/ SPACE
OPERATIONAL
NAVAL
STRATEGIC
ENCIRCLEMENT
FORM
MEDIUM
SINGLE
DOUBLE
PENETRATION
LAND
COMBINED
SEA
PENETRATION COMBINED WITH THE ONE-SIDED ENVELOPMEN
T
AIR/SPACE
ENVELOPMENT
ONE-SIDED
PENETRATION COMBINED WITH THE ECCENTRIC (OR
CONCENTRIC) MOVEMENT
TWO-SIDED (DOUBLE)
WIDE ENVELOPMENT (TURNING MOVEMENT)
PPT-96VEG042
42
(No Transcript)
43
(No Transcript)
44
THEORY OF CULMINATING POINT
FACTOR OF SPACE
CULMINATING POINT
EQUILIBRIUM OF RELATIVE COMBAT POWER
ATTACKER COMBAT POWER
DEFENDERS OBJECTIVE
ATTACKERS OBJECTIVE
FACTOR OF FORCE
FACTOR OF FORCE
RELATIVE COMBAT POWER
AREA OF UNCERTAINTY
COMBAT POWER DEFENDER
FACTOR OF TIME
PPT-00-VEG0-22 (PFR)
45
ATTACKERS CULMINATION
START OF OFFENSIVE
OFFENSIVE STALLED
FACTOR OF SPACE
STALEMATE
SPACE GAINED CANNOT BE HELD
DIMINISHING
STRENGTH
OF THE
ATTACKER
CULMINATING POINT OF OFFENSIVE (ATTACK)
LINES OF SUPPLIES
FACTOR OF FORCE
RELATIVE COMBAT POWER
ATTACKERS OBJECTIVE
DEFENDER
SUCCESS FORECLOSED
OF THE
STRENGTH
INCREASING
ATTACK STALLED
FACTOR OF TIME
START OF ATTACK
PPT-00-VEG0-24 (PFR)
46
DEFENDERS CULMINATION
START OF DEFENSIVE
FACTOR OF SPACE
SPACE LOST TO THE ATTACKER
COUNTER-OFFENSIVE
DIMINISHING
STRENGTH
CULMINATING POINT OF
OF THE
ATTACKER
COUNTER-ATTACK
TACTICAL OFFENSIVE
DEFENDERS OBJECTIVE
COUNTER-OFFENSIVE
COUNTER-ATTACKS
FACTOR OF FORCE
RELATIVE COMBAT POWER
WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY OF SHIFTING TO
DEFENDER
OF THE
STRENGTH
INCREASING
COUNTER-ATTACK
START OF DEFENSE
FACTOR OF TIME
PPT-00-VEG0-23 (PFR)
47
CULMINATING POINT AND THE LEVELS OF WAR
LEVEL OF WAR
FACTOR OF SPACE
OCCURRENCE
WAR AS A WHOLE
CULMINATING POINT OF VICTORY (OR DEFEAT)
IT OCCURS ONLY ONCE IN A WAR
NATIONAL-STRATEGIC
CAMPAIGNS AND MAJOR OPERATIONS
IT COULD OCCUR SEVERAL TIMES DURING A CAMPAIGN
AND ONLY ONCE IN A MAJOR OPERATION
CULMINATING POINT OF OFFENSIVE (OR DEFENSIVE)
THEATER-STRATEGIC
OPERATIONAL
IT COULD OCCUR ONLY ONCE
OPERATIONAL- TACTICAL
A MAJOR OPERATION
CULMINATING POINT OF ATTACK (OR DEFENSE)
IT OCCURS ONLY ONCE IN A MAJOR BATTLE OR AN
ENGAGEMENT
TACTICAL
A MAJOR BATTLE OR AN ENGAGEMENT
FACTOR OF TIME
PPT-00-VEG0-25 (PFR)
48
REGENERATION OF COMBAT POWER
ELEMENTS
TASK- ORIENTED TRAINING
LARGE-SCALE REPLACEMENT OF PERSONNEL
REPAIR REPLACEMENT OF WEAPONS EQUIPMENT
REESTABLISHMENT OF COMMAND AND CONTROL
REST RECREATION OF PERSONNEL
REPLENISHMENT OF SUPPLIES
PPT-98-VEG0-46 (PFR)
49
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATIONAL WARFARE
50

• THERE HAVE EXISTED IN ALL TIMES FUNDAMENTAL
  PRINCIPLES ON WHICH DEPEND GOOD RESULTS IN
  WARFARE. THE PRINCIPLES ARE UNCHANGING,
  INDEPENDENT OF THE KIND OF WEAPONS, OF HISTORICAL
  TIME AND OF PLACE.
• BARON ANTOINE HENRI DE JOMINI

51
PRINCIPLES OF WAR(GENERIC)
PRINCIPLES OF WAR
PURPOSE
TACTICAL
OPERATIONAL
STRATEGIC
SURPRISE
OBJECTIVE
SIMPLICITY
MASS
OFFENSIVE
SECURITY
MANEUVER
UNITY OF EFFORT
ECONOMY OF FORCE
COOPERATION
UNITY OF COMMAND
PPT-96VEG041
52
METHODS OF COMBAT FORCE EMPLOYMENT
53
LEVELS OF WAR AND COMBAT FORCES EMPLOYMENT

• A CAMPAIGN
• MAJOR OPERATIONS

• CAMPAIGNS
• MAJOR OPERATIONS
• MILITARY OPERATIONS
• OTHER THAN WAR (MOOTW)

THEATER STRATEGIC LEVEL
OPERATIONAL LEVEL
TACTICAL LEVEL
PPT-98VEG049 (PFR)
54
LEVELS OF COMMAND AND AND METHODS OF COMBAT FORCE
EMPLOYMENT
LEVEL OF WAR
MILITARY ART
METHOD
OBJECTIVES
LEVEL OF COMMAND
A SINGLE OR SEVERAL NATIONAL-STRATEGIC
NATIONAL (OR ALLIANCE/ COALITION) LEVEL
NATIONAL STRATEGIC
NATIONAL-STRATEGIC A SINGLE OR SEVERAL
THEATER-STRATEGIC

• CAMPAIGNS

THEATER- STRATEGIC
THEATER CDR
STRATEGY

• MAJOR OPERATIONS

OPERATIONAL ART
OPERATIONAL- STRATEGIC
A SINGLE THEATER- STRATEGIC
OPERATIONAL
TO CDR

• A SINGLE CAMPAIGN

• MAJOR OPERATIONS

OPERATIONAL

• A MAJOR JOINT OPERATION

OPERATIONAL- TACTICAL
COMJTF

• TACTICAL ACTIONS

• NEO OPERATIONS

MAJOR-TACTICAL MINOR TACTICAL
TACTICAL COMMANDER

• MAJOR TACTICAL ACTIONS (BATTLES, ENGAGEMENTS,
  STRIKES)

TACTICS
TACTICAL

• MINOR TACTICAL ACTIONS

NATIONAL COMMAND AUTHORITY
THEATER OF OPERATIONS CINC
COMMANDER JOINT TASK FORCE
PPT-96VEG09A
55
MAJOR OPERATIONS
56
MAJOR OPERATION(IN GENERIC TERMS)

• A MAJOR OPERATION CONSISTS OF A SERIES OF
  BATTLES, ENGAGEMENTS, STRIKES, AND OTHER TACTICAL
  ACTIONS SEQUENCED AND SYNCHRONIZED IN TERMS OF
  SPACE AND TIME TO ACCOMPLISH AN OPERATIONAL (AND
  SOMETIMES STRATEGIC) OBJECTIVE IN A GIVEN PART OF
  THE THEATER.

57
SCHEME OF A MAJOR OPERATION
58
MAJOR OPERATIONS
PRELIMINARY
INITIAL
SEQUENCE
CONSECUTIVE (SUCCESSIVE)
MAJOR OPERATIONS
MEDIUM/ SERVICE
PURPOSE
LAND (GROUND)
OFFENSIVE
NAVAL (MARITIME)
DEFENSIVE
DEGREE OF SERVICE PARTICIPATION
PRINCIPAL (MAIN)
AIR (SPACE)
SUPPORTING (ANCILLARY)
INDEPENDENT
JOINT (MULTI-SERVICE)
COMBINED (MULTI-NATIONAL)
PPT-97VEG027
59
CAMPAIGNS
60
CAMPAIGN(IN GENERIC TERMS)

• A CAMPAIGN CONSISTS OF A SERIES OF MAJOR
  OPERATIONS SEQUENCED AND SYNCHRONIZED IN TERMS OF
  SPACE AND TIME AND AIMED TO ACCOMPLISH A
  STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE IN A GIVEN THEATER OF
  OPERATIONS.

61
SCHEME OF A CAMPAIGN
MAJOR STAGES
REDEPLOYMENTFOR A NEWCAMPAIGN ORDEMOBILIZATION
CONSOLIDATIONOF STRATEGICSUCCESS
DEPLOYMENTSTRATEGIC INTRA-THEATER
MOBILIZATION
COMBAT EMPLOYMENT AND SUSTAINMENT
BASE OFOPERATIONS
MAJOR NAVALOPERATION
X
X
THEATERSTRATEGICRESERVE
JOINT /COMBINED
X
DESIREDENDSTATE
X
X
X
MAJOR LAND(GROUND)OPERATION
X
X
X
INDEPENDENT
MAJOR AIR(SPACE)OPERATION
X
X
X
WAR/CONFLICTTERMINATION OR ADISTINCT PHASE OF
WAR
STRATEGICCONCENTRATION
PHASE I
PHASE II
PHASE III...ETC.
OPERATIONALPAUSES
POST-HOSTILITIESACTIVITIES
RECONSTITUTION
PPT-99-VEGO-16 (PFR)
62
CAMPAIGNS
CAMPAIGNS
TIMING
PURPOSE
SEQUENTIAL (CONSECUTIVE)
DEFENSIVE
OFFENSIVE
OBJECTIVE
SIMULTANEOUS (CONCURRENT)
THEATER STRATEGIC
PLANNING
NATIONAL OR ALLIANCE/COALITION MILITARY STRATEGIC
UNPLANNED
SERVICE PARTICIPATION
PLANNED
OPERATIONAL CONTINUUM
COMBINED (MULTI-NATIONAL)
JOINT (MULTISERVICE)
LOW INTENSITY CONFLICT
WAR
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT(MEDIUM)
GLOBAL (GENERAL)
REGIONAL (LOCAL)
LAND
Denotes predominant features of the medium in
which a campaign in conducted MOOTW in
U.S. terms
MARITIME
PPT-97VEG028
63
OPERATIONAL PLANNING
64
DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGY (IN GENERIC TERMS)
MEANS
NATIONAL POLICY
ENDS
NATIONAL GOALS/AIMS
NATIONAL SOURCES OF POWER
NATIONAL OBJECTIVE
TRADITIONAL NATIONAL INTERESTS

• POLITICAL
• DIPLOMATIC
• ECONOMIC
• MILITARY
• INFORMATIONAL
• SCIENTIFIC
• TECHNOLOGICAL
• OTHER

VITAL INTERESTS
NATIONAL (GRAND) STRATEGY
SUPPORTING STRATEGIES

• PHYSICAL SECURITY AND SURVIVAL
• POLITICAL AND TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY
• ECONOMIC STABILITY AND WELL BEING
• DOMESTIC PEACE AND STABILITY

UNLIMITED LIMITED
POLITICAL OBJECTIVE
ANNIHILATION
MILITARY STRATEGY
EROSION (ATTRITION)
MILITARY STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE
OFFENSIVE OR DEFENSIVE

THEATER STRATEGY AND THEATER-STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE
STRATEGIC GUIDANCE
NATIONAL ALLIANCE OR COALITION POLITICAL
LEADERSHIP
SYMMETRIC OR ASYMMETRIC
STRATEGIC ESTIMATE
COURSES OF ACTION (COAs)
STRATEGIC SITUATION
STRATEGIC CONCEPTS
DECISIONS

NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY IN U.S. TERMS
REVISED/UPDATED MILITARY OR THEATER STRATEGY

WHEN MULTIPLE THEATERS EXIST
EMPLOYMENT OF MILITARY AND NON-MILITARY SOURCES
OF POWER
65
TYPE OF PLANNING
OPERATIONAL PLANNING
(MAJOR OPERATIONS OR CAMPAIGNS)
INTERMEDIATE MILITARY OBJECTIVES
INVERSE (REGRESSIVE) PLANNING
ULTIMATE OBJECTIVE
HERE AND NOW
PROGRESSIVE PLANNING
FUTURETASK
NEARTASK
(BATTLES / ENGAGEMENTS, ETC.)
TACTICAL PLANNING
PPT-97VEG047 (PFR)
66
CAMPAIGN PLAN DEVELOPMENT

• COMMAND ECHELON
• MILITARY-STRATEGIC
• THEATER-STRATEGIC COMMANDER (CINC)
• THEATER OF OPERATIONS COMMANDER (CINC)

STRATEGIC GUIDANCE
STRATEGIC ESTIMATE
STRATEGIC VISION

• CONCEPTS
• OPERATIONAL
• ORGANIZATIONAL
• DEPLOYMENT
• LOGISTICS
• OTHER

STAFF ESTIMATES

COMMANDERS ESTIMATE OF THE STRATEGIC SITUATION

• THE DECISION
• THE DECISION STATEMENT
• OPERATIONAL IDEA (SCHEME)
• COMMANDERS INTENT

PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
CAMPAIGN PLANS
LOW INTENSITY CONFLICT (LIC)
WAR
PPT-99-VEGO-04 (PFR)
67
MAJOR OPERATION PLAN DEVELOPMENT
HIGHER COMMAND AUTHORITY

• COMMAND ECHELON
• SERVICE COMPONENT
• JOINT/COMBINED TASK
• FORCE
• ARMY GROUP
• ARMY
• ARMY CORPS
• NUMBERED AIR FORCE
• NUMBERED FLEET

• DOCUMENTS
• CAMPAIGN PLAN
• OPORD

OPERATIONAL GUIDANCE
COMMANDER
OPERATIONAL VISION
COMMANDERS ESTIMATE OF THE OPERATIONAL SITUATION
STAFF ESTIMATES

• THE DECISION
• THE DECISION STATEMENT
• OPERATIONAL IDEA (SCHEME)
• COMMANDERS INTENT

PLAN FOR A MAJOR OPERATION (LAND, NAVAL,
AIR/SPACE)
PPT-97VEGO15 (PFR)
68
OPERATIONAL DESIGN
69
(No Transcript)
70
OPERATIONAL IDEA (SCHEME)
71
OPERATIONAL IDEA (SCHEME)
OPERATIONAL IDEA (SCHEME)
MAJOR OPERATION
CAMPAIGN
OPERATIONAL IDEA
TACTICAL CONCEPTS
MAJOR LAND OPERATION
MAJOR NAVAL OPERATION
AIR (SPACE) ELEMENTS
MARITIME ELEMENTS
MAJOR AIR (SPACE) OPERATION
SPECIAL FORCES ELEMENTS
GROUND ELEMENTS
PPT-96VEG017 (PFR)
72
OPERATIONAL IDEA FEATURES
FULL USE OF DECEPTION
CREATIVE AND NOVEL
OPERATIONAL IDEA
NO DISCERNIBLE PATTERNS
SPEED IN EXECUTION
FULL USE OF AMBIGUITY
MULTIPLE OPTIONS
PPT-96VEG021
73
OPERATIONAL DESIGN FOR A CAMPAIGN (IN GENERIC
TERMS)
DESIRED END STATE
INTERIOR VS. EXTERIOR GEOSTRATEGIC POSITION
OPERATIONAL DESIGN
REQUIRED FORCES AND ASSETS
STRATEGIC OR OPERATIONAL DIRECTION / AXIS
IDENTIFICATION OF THE ENEMYS CRITICAL FACTORS
AND STRATEGIC CENTER OF GRAVITY

• ULTIMATE (STRATEGIC) OBJECTIVE
• INTERMEDIATE (OPERATIONAL)
• OBJECTIVES

OPERATIONAL FACTORS
COORDINATION
RECONSTITUTION
METHODS FOR DEFEATING THE ENEMY
SELECTED PRINCIPLES OF WAR
BRANCHES AND SEQUELS
OPERATIONAL PHASING
OPERATIONAL IDEA (SCHEME)
APPLICATION OF MILITARY AND NON-MILITARY SOURCES
OF POWER
OPERATIONAL PAUSE
ANTICIPATING ONES OWN STRATEGIC CULMINATION POINT
SECTOR OF MAIN EFFORT (THRUST)
CONCENTRATION IN THE SECTOR OF MAIN
EFFORT (THRUST)
OPERATIONAL TEMPO
STRATEGIC AND OPERATIONAL DECEPTION
OPERATIONAL MOMENTUM
POINT OF MAIN ATTACK (DEFENSE)
PROTECTION OF ONES OWN STRATEGIC COG
OPERATIONAL MANEUVER
STRATEGIC AND OPERATIONAL RESERVES
FOR A CAMPAIGN THAT ENDS HOSTILITIES FOR
EACH MAJOR OPERATION IN A CAMPAIGN
STRATEGIC AND OPERATIONAL SUSTAINMENT
74
OPERATIONAL DESIGN FOR A MAJOR OPERATION
INTERIOR VS.EXTERIOR LINES
DESIRED END STATE
OPERATIONAL DESIGN
OPERATIONAL OR TACTICAL DIRECTION / AXIS
REQUIRED FORCES AND ASSETS
IDENTIFICATION OF THE ENEMYS CRITICAL FACTORS
AND OPERATIONAL CENTER OFGRAVITY

• ULTIMATE (OPERATIONAL)
• OBJECTIVE
• INTERMEDIATE (MAJOR
• TACTICAL) OBJECTIVES

COORDINATION
OPERATIONAL FACTORS
REGENERATION OF COMBAT POTENTIAL
BRANCHES AND SEQUELS
METHODS OF DEFEATING THE ENEMYS OPERATIONAL COG
SELECTED PRINCIPLES OF WAR
OPERATIONAL PHASING
OPERATIONAL IDEA (SCHEME)
APPLICATION OF AVAILABLE COMBAT POTENTIAL
OPERATIONAL PAUSE
ANTICIPATING ONES OWN CULMINATION POINT
SECTOR OF MAIN EFFORT (THRUST)
CONCENTRATION AT SECTOR OF MAIN EFFORT (THRUST)
OPERATIONAL TEMPO
OPERATIONAL MOMENTUM
OPERATIONAL DECEPTION
POINT OF MAIN ATTACK (DEFENSE)
PROTECTION OF ONES OWN OPERATIONAL COG
OPERATIONAL MANEUVER
OPERATIONAL RESERVE
OPERATIONAL SUSTAINMENT
FOR A MAJOR OPERATION PLANNED TO ACCOMPLISH A
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE.
75
OPERATIONAL LEADERSHIP
76
OPERATIONAL LEADERSHIP
ARMY CORPS COMMANDERS
??
THEATER- STRATEGIC COMMANDERS
OPERATIONAL LEADERSHIP
THEATER/ NUMBERED AIR FORCE COMMANDERS
THEATER OF OPERATIONS COMMANDERS
THEATER/ NUMBERED ARMY COMMANDERS
SERVICE COMPONNENT COMMANDERS
THEATER/ NUMBERED FLEET COMMANDERS
MILITARY/NAVAL DISTRICT COMMANDERS
JOINT TASK FORCE COMMANDERS
PPT-97VEGO53
77
OPERATIONAL COMMANDERS REQUIREMENTS
PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE
OPERATIONAL THINKING
HONESTY
INITIATIVE
DECISIVENESS
STEADFASTNESS OF PURPOSE
MORAL COURAGE
REQUIREMENTS FOR SUCCESS
LEADING BY PERSONAL EXAMPLE
SOUND JUDGMENT
TOUGHNESS
CREATIVENESS
BOLDNESS
HIGH INTELLECT
MENTAL AGILITY
PERSISTENCE
ABILITY TO PROVIDE MOTIVATION AND INSTILL PURPOSE
PPT-97VEGO54B
78
TENETS OF OPERATIONAL LEADERSHIP
INDIRECT APPROACH
ABSOLUTE PRIMACY OF POLICY STRATEGY
UNWAVERING FOCUS ON THE OBJECTIVE
APPLICATION OF OVERWHELMING FORCE
BALANCING THE ENDS, MEANS, AND WAYS
TENETS (CARDINAL RULES)
SELECTION OF THE PROPER WEIGHT OF EFFORT
CONCENTRATION AT THE WEIGHT OF EFFORT
OBTAINING AND MAINTAINING FREEDOM OF ACTION
INITIATIVE
JOINTNESS
EMPLOYMENT OF ALL AVAILABLE MILITARY AND
NON-MILITARY SOURCES OF POWER
WILLINGNESS TO TAKE HIGH RISKS
ACTING IN AN UNPREDICTABLE MANNER
PPT-97VEGO41 (PFR)
79
OBTAINING AND MAINTAINING FREEDOM OF ACTION
OPERATIONAL COMMANDER
INITIATIVE

• TASK-ORIENTED ORDERS
• MENTAL AGILITY
• FORCES MOBILITY
• SURPRISE
• OFFENSIVE
• ANTICIPATION
• ABILITY TO DEPLOY
• OPERATIONAL RESERVES
• ETC.

FACTORS AFFECTING FREEDOM OF ACTION

• ASSIGNED OBJECTIVES/TASKS
• COMBAT POWER OF ONES OWN / FRIENDLY FORCES
• ENEMYS COMBAT POWER
• ENEMYS DECISIONS AND ACTIONS
• COMMAND CONTROL STRUCTURE
• COMMAND RELATIONSHIPS

• DECISION CYCLE
• INTELLIGENCE
• GIVEN SPACE
• TIME AVAILABLE
• FORCES AVAILABLE
• FORCES BECOMING AVAILABLE
• TECHNOLOGY
• OPERATIONAL LOGISTICS AND SUSTAINMENT
• OPERATIONAL PROTECTION
• OPERATIONAL RESERVE

PPT-97VEGO42 (PR)
80
TYPE OF DECISIONS
OPERATIONAL COMMANDER
ORGANIZATIONAL
INFORMATIONAL
OPERATIONAL
PPT-97VEGO52
81
THE FUTURE
82

• WARS WILL BE WON OR LOST AT THE OPERATIONAL AND
  STRATEGIC LEVEL HENCE, THE CRITICAL IMPORTANCE
  OF OPERATIONAL ART WILL NOT BE REDUCED
• INFORMATION WILL INCREASINGLY AFFECT THE FACTORS
  OF SPACE, TIME AND FORCE
• NEW TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES WILL COMPRESS SPACE
  AND TIME SEPARATING LEVELS OF WAR
• HOWEVER, THE NEED FOR THE OPERATIONAL LEVELS OF
  COMMAND WILL REMAIN.

83

• NEW METHODS OF COMBAT FORCE EMPLOYMENT WILL
  EMERGE
• STRIKES WILL REPLACE BATTLES AND ENGAGEMENTS,
  WHILE MAJOR OPERATIONS WILL BECOME THE MAIN
  METHOD OF COMBAT EMPLOYMENT TO ACCOMPLISH NOT
  ONLY OPERATIONAL BUT ALSO STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES
  IN A GIVEN PART OF THE THEATER.