Cultural Exchanges

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Cultural Exchanges

• OGT Benchmark Analyze the way that contacts
  between people of different cultures result in
  exchanges of cultural practices.
• World History
• Globalization
• The Environment
• Collective Security
• Popular Culture
• Political Systems
• Religion
• United States
• Immigration After the Civil War

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• To meet the requirements of this benchmark, you
  must be able to analyze cultural exchanges.
  Cultural diffusion is the spread or sharing of
  ideas among cultures. Anytime someone comes in
  contact with another culture, the potential for
  cultural exchange exists. Since advances in
  communications or transportation increase contact
  among people of different cultures, they speed up
  cultural exchange.
• Your daily life gives you many first-hand
  experiences of cultural diffusion. Mealtime is a
  good example of this. Think about your favorite
  food. Is it lasagna? Enchiladas? Stir fry? Or
  could it be sauerkraut with sausages? Many
  all-American foods, such as hotdogs, hamburgers,
  fries,and pizza, have been borrowed from
  foreign cuisines. You can probably think of
  other examples of cultural diffusion in your
  daily life.
• You also need to understand globalization, a term
  that has been in use since around 1980.
  Different people have different meanings for the
  term, but in general, globalization refers to the
  growing interdependence of the world,
  economically, culturally, and politically.

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I. Globalization
the growing interdependence of the world,
economically, culturally, and politically.

• A. We live in a global society
• 1. Business not contained to own country
• 2. Examples
• Company HQ in Cleveland has a factory in Mexico
  and an office in Japan
• Japanese auto company has assembly plants in Ohio
• Call for customer service for an American company
  and someone in India takes the call.
• American fast-food companies can be found in
  Paris, Moscow, etc.
• Business decision made in London can affect wages
  and prices here in Ohio.

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What kind of cars are currently in your garage?
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If you could have any car you want, what would it
be?
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List your 3 favorite foods
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Get with someone who sits close to you. Look at
the tags on their shirts and shoes. Where were
these items made?
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Others 2009 Swine Flu 2010 Unrest in Libya
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• Look at tags
• Made in China, Mexico, or Sri Lanka
• How is globalization possible?
• better communications
• -Computers
• -Internet
• -FAX
• -telephones/cell phones
• better transportation
• -airplanes
• better banking systems
• -electronic banking

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B. Cooperation and Conflict

• Globalization can be positive or negative
• Positive opportunities for peace and
  cooperation
• Negative can lead to conflict

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1. Globalization as a Negative Force

• gap between rich and poor widening
• poor areas Africa, Asia, and Latin America
• --poverty
• --undeveloped
• --not enough food, shelter, etc.
• developed countries
• --Europe, N. America
• --plenty of food, shelter, etc.

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2. Outsourcing

• a. U.S. workers hurt by this
• b. jobs go to other countries
• c. lower wages
• d. loss of jobs for Americans
• e. Ex an English-speaking and well-educated
  person from India can talk on the phone and solve
  problems as well as someone from the U.S., but
  will be paid much less

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3. Threat to National Cultures

• a. Reasons
• satellite TV
• international media networks
• international travel
• b. U.S. and Western Europe culture tends to take
  over

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4. Threat to Environment

• a. multinational companies disregard environment
  to make a profit
• b. these companies set up in countries with lax
  environmental laws
• c. this all leads to increased pollution and
  perhaps global warming

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Global Warming 417
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5. Globalization as a Positive Force

• a. it has raised the standard of living
• b. better medical care
• c. higher life expectancy
• d. better access to education
• e. leads to economic growth
• f. social stability

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II. The Environment

• globalization can damage the environment
• smoke from factories pollution
• pollution damage to ecosystems

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Humans and the Environment 547
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A. Invasive Species

• 1. invasive species move from one country to
  another
• 2. they crowd out and destroy native species
• 3. move across national boundaries w/out
  detection
• 4. customs agents try to prevent--not always
  successful

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Examples of Invasive Species

• Example 1 The case of the Powderpost Beetles
• Bob Miller recently retired. As a retirement
  gift, he received a clock as a gift. That clock
  was made in China. Little did he know of what
  else was in the clock----powederpost beetles!
  They chew wood (like termites). Adult beetles
  had made small holes in the wood (before it
  became a clock) and laid eggs. When they hatch,
  they begin to eat the wood and can be very
  destructive.

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Powderpost Beetle
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Example 2 The case of the Emerald Ash Borer

• Found in Ohio from May to July, they can travel
  up to one-half mile. It drills into the wood of
  the ash, leaving tunnels under the bark and small
  D-shaped exit holes. The top 1/3 of the tree
  begins to die back, and the bark begins to split
  vertically. Finally, the entire tree dies. The
  Emerald Ash Borer came from Asia, probably in
  infested wood crates.
• One of the tourist attractions in some parts of
  Ohio are the beautiful ash trees in the fall.
  So, this borer is a major threat to tourism.
• Nearly impossible to keep the borer from coming
  into the U.S.

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Invasive Species 2013
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Invasion of the Asian Carp
Asian Carp video part 2 (6 min)
Asian Carp vidio Part 1 (7 min)
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Short Answer

• How are invasive foreign plants and insects
  connected to globalization?

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III. Collective Security

• collective security many governments join
  together to enforce mutually accepted rules for
  international behavior
• major goal peace

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A. NATO

• 1. North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• a. formed in 1949
• b. multinational power structure
• c. has permanent headquarters
• d. has established military chain of command
• e. peacekeeping and security
• f. Examples
• 1992 put sanctions on Yugoslavia to stop gov.
  supported ethnic fighting
• created no fly zone over Bosnia in 1990s
• ordered air strikes on Bosnian cities
• these police powers proved to be successful!

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B. CIS

• 1. Commonwealth of Independent States
• a. less successful
• b. created in 1991-92
• c. 12 former SU
• Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia,
  Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia,
  Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan
• d. peacekeeping troops almost all Russian
• e. Russia likes being big brother.
• f. CIS will never have collective security until
  Russia stops thinking this way

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C. UN

• 1. United Nations
• a. created after WWII
• b. UN troops have had success
• c. UN has not been able to help everywhere
• d. world peace still not achieved

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Short Answer

• How does the United Nations illustrate the
  concept of collective security?

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IV. Popular Culture

• Popular culture refers to aspects driven by
  mass media
• Examples TV, movies, books
• Globalization potential for cultural exchange
  or borrowing
• Example Internet

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IV. Popular Culture

• Popular culture refers to aspects driven by
  mass media
• Examples TV, movies, books
• Globalization potential for cultural exchange
  or borrowing
• Example Internet

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Pop Culture

• Michael Jackson in Japan (417)
• McDonald's commercial in India (35)
• Nintendo commercials (450)
• Wheel of Fortune in Australia
• (815)
• Foreign NBA Players (131)
• Yu Gi Oh The Movie Part 1 (957)
• 1960s and 1970s Pop Culture
• Pop Culture of the 1980's

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A. Cultural Exchange in the Past

• 1. sharing ideas--been going on forever
• 2. Examples
• weapons, ideas about gov, languages, food, forms
  of entertainment
• 3. traders and soldiers traveling to other lands
  culture exchanges

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Example Columbian Exchange

• 1. 16th century food exchange
• 2. Christopher Columbus and other explorers
• 3. foods brought to US from Europe, Asia, and
  Africa bananas, grapes, citrus, peaches, pears,
  coffee, wheat, rice, cattle, pigs, and onions
• 4. foods that went from US to other parts of
  world turkey, corn, tomatoes, beans, squash,
  potatoes, sweet potatoes, peanuts, cocoa,
  vanilla, avocados, and chili peppers

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B. Cultural Exchange Today

• 1. today, more rapid exchanges
• 2. Internet, cable TV, ease of travel
• 3. Examples
• a. person in Canton calls someone in India for
  computer help
• b. people in Ohio turn on TV and watch a soccer
  game being played in Mexico
• c. go to Belden Village area and see all of the
  ethnic restaurants Chinese, Italian, etc.

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4. Spread of American Culture

1. some worry US culture is taking over the world
2. English--language of Internet and business
3. American movies, music, fashions, sports and food
   are dominant
4. McDonaldism

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• e. will this lead to a one culture world?
• f. probably not
• --US influenced by world
• --Latin American music
• --German autos

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Short Answer

• What does McDonalds have to do with
  globalization?

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V. Political Systems

• Past each nation chose political system
• Today econ. and social globalization result in
  globalization of politics

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Voluntary Political-Integration Organizations

• A. European Union
• 1. 1950s Netherlands, Belgium, Germany,
  Finland, France, Italy, Luxembourg
• 2. 1973-1995 Austria, Denmark, Greece,
  Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the UK
  joined
• 3. By 2004, called the EU
• 4. 2004 10 more nations joined
• 5. Concerns
• a. trade with each other
• b. jobs
• c. environment
• d. security
• e. human rights

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• Success
• new monetary unit (Euro)
• few barriers to trade
• standard of living increase
• political positions of Europe strengthened

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B. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

• 1. 1967 Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines,
  Singapore, and Thailand
• 2. promote econ. growth, social progress,
  political stability, and peace
• 3. Later Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and
  Vietnam
• 4. 500 million live in ASEAN nations
• 5. US trades 700 billion

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C. African Union

• 1. Est. in 1999
• 2. promote social and economic growth
• 3. not as much success as the EU
• 4. it will continue to grow in size and strength

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D. Trade Organizations in the Western Hemisphere

• 1. NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)
• a. US, Canada, and Mexico
• b. no econ barriers
• c. inc. trade
• 2. CAFTA (Central American Free Trade Agreement)
• a. Proposed!
• b. Costa Rica, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras,
  Nicaragua, maybe Dominican Republic
• 3. Mercosur (Southern Common Market)
• a. Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay
  (associate members Bolivia and Chile)
• b. similar to NAFTA and CAFTA

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Intergovernmental Organizations

• 3 with great financial and political power
• they are not governments
• they influence gov. decisions

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• A. World Bank (located in Washington, D.C.)
• 1. gives loans to governments
• 2. Ex country that wants to build a dam gets
  loan from World Bank
• 3. Strings attached!!!
• a. gov. may have to change a policy
• b. Ex above, country would have to privatize
  distribution of water once the dam is built

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B. International Monetary Fund

• 1. located in Washington, D.C.
• 2. makes loans to governments
• 3. purpose is different
• a. stabilize currency (money systems)
• b. maintains world markets
• c. STRINGS ATTACHED!!!!

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C. World Trade Organization (WTO)

• 1. 145 nations belong
• 2. meetings every 2 years
• 3. Purpose
• a. lower tariffs
• b. eliminated barriers to free trade
• 4. Critics rich nations favored

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Group of Eleven (G11)

• 1. 11 richest nations meet 1/year
• 2. Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain,
  Italy, Japan, and the US
• 3. 1994 Russia enters
• 4. no set agenda
• 5. discuss anything important
• 6. decisions made impact the world

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Nongovernmental Organizations

• international interest groups
• most are nonprofit, voluntary, and private
• Examples
• Greenpeace
• International Committee for the Red Cross
• deal with quality-of-life issues
• health
• hunger
• poverty
• the environment
• human rights

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Short Answer

• What does the World Trade Organization have to do
  with globalization?

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VI. Religion

• Missionaries spread religion
• teach religion globally

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A. Spread of Religion Through International Trade

• 1. traders have spread religion
• 2. Historical Example Silk Road
• a. silk trade developed between China and the
  Roman Empire
• b. Indians, Persians, Greeks, and nomads of
  Central Asia also used this trade route
• c. religions of all these people were spread

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3. Spread of Religion in Modern Times

• a. modern tech helps spread of religions
• Internet
• transportation (jets, etc.)
• radio and TV

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Short Answer

• How has the Internet helped globalize religion.

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1. Multiple Choice

• (Blue Book) The rapidly growing interdependence
  of the worlds economies is known as
• A. diffusion
• B. McDonaldilization
• C. globalization
• D. integration

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2. Multiple Choice

• (Blue Book) Which one of the following nations
  is not a member of the G7/G8?
• A. Spain
• B. France
• C. Japan
• D. Italy

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3. Multiple Choice

• (Blue Book) What organization makes loans to
  support development projects in various countries
  of the world?
• A. World Trade Organization (WTO)
• B. World Bank
• C. International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• D. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

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4. Multiple Choice

• (Blue Book) NAFTA is a trade agreement the
  United States made with
• A. Canada and Mexico
• B. Western European nations
• C. Latin America
• D. India and China

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5. Multiple Choice

• (Blue Book) The term outsourcing refers to
• A. U.S. efforts to create more jobs than our
  competitors.
• B. exploiting natural resources for industry
• C. cooperative global efforts to preserve the
  environment
• D. the practice of exporting jobs from developed
  countries to less-developed countries usually
  done in order to save money

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6. Multiple Choice

• (Blue Book) The process of globalization is more
  rapid when
• A. transportation and communication systems are
  improved
• B. governments pass tariffs
• C. the number of NGOs stay steady
• D. governments tighten security

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7. Multiple Choice

• (Blue Book) What effect have some foreign
  insects and animals like the emerald leaf borer
  and the zebra mollusk had on new countries in
  which they settled?
• A. They increased the new countries standard of
  living.
• B. They improved air and water quality.
• C. They caused damage to their new environment.
• D. They had no effect.

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8. Multiple Choice

• (Blue Book) The Columbian Exchange refers to
• A. a program of the World Bank
• B. efforts by the International monetary fund to
  strengthen the economies of poor nations
• C. the trading of foods, plants, and animals
  between the Old and New worlds in the century
  after the explorations of Christopher Columbus
• D. environmental hazards resulting from heavy
  industries in Europe and North America

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9. Multiple Choice

• (Blue Book) If you were shopping in an EU
  country, what would be the best money to have in
  your pocket?
• A. the German mark
• B. the French franc
• C. the euro
• D. the dollar

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10. Multiple Choice

• (2005 OGT Test) The European Unions objectives
  include reducing tariffs, promoting a single
  market, and creating a common currency. Based on
  these objectives, what type of world region does
  the European Union primarily represent?
• A. cultural
• B. physical
• C. political
• D. economic

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11. Multiple Choice

• (2006 OGT Test) Some Internet search engines
  offer the ability to automatically translate Web
  pages that are written in languages other than
  English. One effect of this feature is to
• A. reduce the desire for international trade.
• B. reduce the need for modern computer
  technology.
• C. increase the need for instruction in foreign
  languages.
• D. increase opportunities for exchanges of
  cultural practices.

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12. Multiple Choice

• (2007 OGT Test) The North American Free Trade
  Agreement (NAFTA) is a treaty designed to remove
  tariffs and other trade barriers between Canada,
  Mexico and the United States. This helped
  establish an economic region among those nations
  because
• A. participants enlarged their dependence on
  domestic markets.
• B. participants terminated trade relationships
  with other regions.
• C. participants imposed tariffs on goods
  imported from other countries.
• D. trade among participants increased, making
  their economies more interdependent.

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13. Multiple Choice

• (Orange Book) Which of the following is NOT an
  example of international efforts to achieve
  collective security?
• A. United Nations
• B. Ohio National Guard
• C. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
• D. League of Nations

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14. Multiple Choice

• (Orange Book) Which of the following is an
  example of an exchange of cultural practices?
• A. Americans eating hamburgers in fast food
  restaurants.
• B. The popularity of jazz music in the United
  States during the 20th century.
• C. Chinese acupuncture becoming popular in the
  United States
• D. Americans playing board games such as Monopoly

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Short Answer

• (2005 OGT Test) Satellite-based communication
  systems allow people to communicate more easily.
  This increases the interdependence of nations
  around the world. Describe how another advance
  in global communications or transportation
  contributes to the exchange of cultural
  practices. (2 points)

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Extended Response

• (Orange Book) Analyze two different examples of
  cultural exchanges. Describe the nature of the
  exchange and how cultural practices were
  assimilated by the other culture.

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Cultural Exchanges--United States

• OGT Benchmark Analyze the way that contacts
  between people of different cultures result in
  exchanges of cultural practices.

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• This benchmark focuses on the effects of
  immigration in the United States, and
  specifically on housing patterns, politics, the
  educations system, and language. Questions on
  the OGT related to this benchmark will address
  only the effects of immigration, not the causes
  or patterns of immigration to the United States.
  The effects will be restricted to the areas
  listed above.

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I. Immigration after the Civil War

• immigrants looking for work in factories
• prior to Civil War Western and Northern Europe
  (England, Ireland, Germany)
• after Civil War Southern and Eastern Europe
  (Italy, Poland, Russia, Greece)
• early 1900s increase from China and Japan
• 1880-1900 9 million immigrants
• 1900-1914 14 million immigrants

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A. Difficulties Encountered by New Immigrants

• 1. New immigrants
• a. religious differences (Roman Catholic or
  Jewish)
• b. language differences
• c. lived in same neighborhoods

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Short Answer

• What was new about immigration in the late
  1800s and early 1900s?

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• 2. Problems in Cities
• a. overcrowding
• b. housing and sanitation
• c. tenements
• d. no sewers or garbage pickup
• e. disease spread
• f. high crime
• g. did not speak English
• h. lived in same neighborhoods
• kept old customs
• celebrated old holidays

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Getting out of the Slums 339
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• 3. Backlash Against Immigrants
• a. fear and prejudice
• b. competition for jobs
• c. willing to work for less
• d. religious prejudice

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Short Answer

• What kinds of problems did the new immigrants
  face upon arrival in the United States?

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B. The Effect of Immigration on Politics

• 1. city gov. had to increase
• a. take care of new problems housing,
  sanitation, education, health, and transportation
• 2. political machines grew
• a. organization that controls an urban political
  party
• b. immigrants seen as source for votes
• c. gave jobs in exchange for votes
• d. usually corrupt

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Short Answer

• How did urban political machines take advantage
  of immigrants?

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C. Effect of Immigration on Education

• 1965 more immigrants allowed
• 70s, 80s, and 90s Soviet Union, China, Cuba,
  and Southeast Asians enter US

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• Education of Immigrants
• a. enrollments increased, esp. in cities
• b. overcrowding
• c. language different
• d. spent for teachers who speak their
  languages

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Short Answer

• How has immigration put strains on the
  educational system of the United States?

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D. Effect of Immigration on Language

• many words come from other languages
• 2000 47 million speak something other than
  English
• half Spanish
• others Chinese, Korean, French, German,
  Italian, Russian, and Vietnamese
• all add to vocabulary

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• 1. Faster Assimilation
• a. 1800s immigrants never became good at
  English
• b. today, learning quicker
• language programs
• television
• Internet

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• 2. Loan Words
• a. English has borrowed many words
• b. CULTURAL EXCHANGE!!!!
• c. Spanish alligator, bronco, cafeteria,
  cigar, cigarette, guerrilla, mustang, patio,
  tornado
• d. Native American bayou, chipmunk, hickory,
  hominy, igloo, kayak, moccasin, moose, opossum,
  pecan, squash, tepee, toboggan, tomahawk

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Short Answer

• What is an example of cultural exchange in the
  use of language in the United States?

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Immigration Summary

• US shaped by cultural exchange from beginning
• began with settlers and Native American contact
• US always been a country of immigrants
• American culture enriched by all the dif. groups

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1. OGT Multiple Choice

• _____ (OGT Test, 2005) Consider the following
  changes that occurred in the United States in the
  late 19th century
• improvements in agricultural production
• increases in immigration from Europe
• advancements in networks of railroad and
  streetcar lines
• These changes led to the
• A. rapid growth of urban areas.
• B. acquisition of overseas territories.
• C. elimination of large suburbs around many
  cities.
• D. movement of people from the urban to the rural
  areas.

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2. OGT Multiple Choice

• _____ (OGT Test, 2005) Use the following cartoon
  to answer question 41. The above cartoon appeared
  in Indian Country Today, a Native American
  newspaper. This cartoon reflects the perspective
  that Native American cultures existed in North
  America before the arrival of Europeans. This
  perspective has inspired Native American groups
  to
• A. abandon native languages.
• B. celebrate Native American culture.
• C. abandon traditional fishing and hunting
  methods.
• D. avoid serving in the armed forces of the
  United States.

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3. OGT Multiple Choice

• _____ (OGT Test, 2006) In the 19th century, many
  Americans considered Native Americans inferior to
  people of European ancestry. This resulted in
  discrimination and conflict between European
  settlers and Native Americans. One consequence
  of this discrimination was that many Native
  Americans were
• A. displaced from their homelands.
• B. forced to maintain their cultural heritage.
• C. prevented from trading with European settlers.
• D. persecuted for killing buffalo on the Great
  Plains.

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4. OGT Multiple Choice

• ______ (OGT Test, 2007) Religious diversity in
  the United States has increased in the last fifty
  years. One factor that has contributed to this
  increase has been an increase in
• A. emigration to Africa.
• B. immigration from Asia.
• C. immigration from Australia.
• D. emigration to South America.

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5. OGT Multiple Choice

• _____ (Practice Test Booklet, 2005) The
  consequences of urbanization often include all of
  the following EXCEPT
• A. increased pollution of air and water
• B. more people living in crowded conditions
• C. more jobs in factories and businesses
• D. more people farming

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6. OGT Multiple Choice

• _____ (Practice Test Booklet, 2005) Which of the
  following statements best reflects housing
  patterns for immigrants long after their arrival
  to the United States?
• A. They tended to return home to Europe
• B. They tended to slowly assimilate
• C. They tended to spread out quickly into many
  different communities
• D. They tended to leave the United States soon
  after arriving

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7. OGT Multiple Choice

• _____ (2005 Practice Test) In the late 19th
  and early 20th centuries, many immigrants who
  came to the United States did not speak English
  as their native language. One way this resulted
  in the exchange of cultural practices was that
• A. most people were able to speak several
  languages fluently
• B. people from other countries tended to remain
  culturally isolated
• C. people without knowledge of English were not
  allowed to immigrate
• D. words from other languages entered into the
  mainstream vocabulary

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8. OGT Multiple Choice

• _____ (Orange Book, 2005) Which of the following
  best explains the impact immigration has had on
  the American diet?
• A. Fast food restaurants have sprung up all over
  the United States
• B. Americans eat the same food almost everyday
• C. There are very few choices of different
  ethnic foods in restaurants
• D. There is great variety of types of
  restaurants serving ethnic foods

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9. OGT Multiple Choice

• _____ (Orange Book, 2005) Immigration impacts
  language in the United States because it
• A. causes the official language to change with
  each new immigrant culture
• B. infuses new words into the language
• C. results in English speaking people resisting
  new words
• D. maintains the current language without change

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10. OGT Multiple Choice

• _____ (Orange Book) Which of the following best
  reflects housing patterns for immigrants soon
  after their arrival to the United States
• A. They tended to assimilate quickly into the
  existing communities
• B. They tended to congregate into their own
  communities
• C. They tended to spread out quickly into many
  different communities
• D. They tended to leave the United States soon
  after arriving

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11. OGT Multiple Choice

• _____ (Mastering the OGT Test) What evidence
  shows that a nations culture may extend far
  beyond its territorial boundaries?
• A. The same language is often spoken in
  different countries.
• B. Neighboring countries often have different
  religions.
• C. Independent nations often have their own
  currency (money system).
• D. Countries near each other are often historic
  enemies.

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OGT Short Answer (2 pts)

• People from the countries of Scandinavia,
  Finland, Denmark, Norway and Sweden immigrated to
  the United States mainly between the Civil War
  and World War I. In general, they settled in the
  American Midwest. Their reasons for leaving their
  homelands included overpopulation, poor farm
  production and dissatisfaction with their
  governments. Based on your knowledge of
  immigration patterns to the United States,
  identify two factors that attracted immigrants
  such as these to the United States.(2 points)

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THE END

• This concludes our unit on Cultural Exchanges.
  Next, we will begin studying Geography,
  specifically Regions Over Time.