ECE 456 Computer Architecture

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ECE 456 Computer Architecture

• Instructor Dr. Honggang Wang
• hwang1_at_umassd.edu, II-209B
• Fall 2013

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Welcome to ECE456!

• Todays lecture
• Course Syllabus Operational Details
• Background Survey
• Introduction to Computer Systems

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Course Description

• 3 credit units
• meet on Mon Wed 200 315pm, in II- 212
• Prerequisites
• ECE 260 or equivalent basic digital logic design
  and computer design
• ECE 161 or CIS 215 or equivalent introductory
  programming ability
• Not a lab course
• Not a programming course either

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Course Topics

• Overview of computer organization and
  architecture
• Memory hierarchy and virtual memory
• Input/output virtual I/O, I/O methods
• CPU organization, registers, instruction sets,
  pipelining
• CPU design RISC vs. CISC, super-scalar
  processors, IA-64
• Control unit implementation, micro-programming
• Parallel computers Flynn's taxonomy,
  organizations

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Related Courses

• ECE 562 Advanced Computer Architecture (Spring,
  required for CPE, elective for ELE)
• ECE 561 Computer Systems (Graduate student)
• ECE 566 Microprocessor I
• (Fall, elective for both CPE and ELE)
• ECE 567 Microprocessor II
• (Spring, elective for both CPE and ELE)

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Learning Objectives (1)

• Upon completion of this course, you should be
  able to
• Gain an understanding of the role of each
  component of a computer system such as CPU,
  memory, I/O, and busses as well as how they work
  together
• Understand how interrupt mechanism works and its
  role in contemporary computer architecture
• Understand the memory hierarchy, and learn how
  virtual memory works
• Design memory according to required organization
  schemes such as one-word-per-chip and
  one-bit-per-chip
• Design error detecting and correcting logic and
  codes in memory
• Understand the function and operation of the CPU
  

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Learning Objectives (2)

• Upon completion of this course, you should be
  able to
• Learn the modern CPU design techniques
• Learn how microprogramming and assembler
  instructions are used to control the operation of
  the CPU
• Develop an understanding of the format of
  instruction sets and the operation of the
  instruction cycle
• Write assembler routines using a given
  instruction set
• Understand the concept of pipelining and
  parallelism
• Acquire an understanding of how the modern
  computers tolerate faults
• Research and discuss an advanced topic in
  computer organization and architecture

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Resources (1)

• Required Textbook
• W. Stallings, "Computer Organization and
  Architecture Designing for Performance (8th Ed.,
  2009)", NJ Prentice Hall
• available in the university bookstore
• Lecture notes, available from the class website

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Resources (2)

• References
• M. Murdocca and V. Heuring, Computer
  Architecture and Organization, John Wiley
  Sons, 2007
• A.S. Tanenbaum, Structured Computer Organization
  (5th Ed., 2005), NJ Prentice Hall
• B. Parhami, Computer Architecture, Oxford
  University Press, 2005
• J. L. Hennessy D. A. Patterson, "Computer
  Architecture A Quantitative Approach (3rd Ed.)",
  Morgan Kaufmann, 2002

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Resource (3) - Course Website

• Http//www.faculty.umassd.edu/honggang.wang/teachi
  ng.html, click Click under ECE456
• News and announcements
• Syllabus, Major deadlines,
• Homework, Project
• Lecture notes, Exams
• Frequently asked questions on assignments, exams
• Relevant and useful links, click Bookmark
• Check frequently!

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Course Requirements
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Homework

• Complete all assignments on time. Assignments are
  always due at the beginning of class on the due
  date (200pm).
• Assignments one day late subtract 10 two days
  late loses 25 three days late loses 50. After
  3 days the assignments will be considered a ZERO.
  This penalty rule will be strictly enforced,
  except for some exceptional cases (You must
  inform the instructor ahead of time!)
• Keep each homework for helping you prepare for
  the exams
• See website for details about submission

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Project

• Form
• state-of-art research survey
• team work
• See handout (or website) about project
  description and guidelines for proposal, report,
  and presentation
• Required work and time-line
• Project team set-up (due Mon.. 9/23/13)
• Proposal (due Mon. 10/21/13)
• Final written report (due Wed. 12/4/13)
• Oral presentation (Mon. 12/9/13)

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Exams

• Exam 1
• Monday, Oct. 7, 2013 Tentative schedule
• Exam 2
• Monday, Nov. 11, 2013 Tentative schedule
• Final Exam
• Wed, Dec. 11, 2011 Tentative schedule
• (See Final exam schedule at http//www.umassd.edu
  /calendar/finals/welcome.cfm)
• No early/late-taken exams unless you have a
  legitimate reason and your absence is excused by
  your advisor or the student Dean

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Cancelled Classes and Exams

• If class is cancelled on the day an exam is
  scheduled, we will have the exam the next time
  the class meets.
• If class is cancelled for the session prior to
  the exam (the day for review and for asking
  questions), then the next class meeting will be
  the review session, and the exam will take
  place in the class meeting after that.

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Attendance Policy

• Students are expected to attend every class and
  all other scheduled activities related to the
  course.
• Students are required to attend all scheduled
  project presentations at the end of the semester
• Students who miss a lecture, must make
  arrangements with colleagues to obtain any missed
  material and information.

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Academic Honesty

• Unless specifically stated otherwise, all
  homework assignments and exams in this class are
  to be completed individually. Any collaboration
  with others or use of work completed by others
  for previous offerings of this class is
  considered to be unauthorized aid. Furthermore,
  you should explicitly acknowledge any sources of
  ideas used that are not your own this includes
  other people, books, papers, web pages, etc.
• Academic dishonesty will be "rewarded"
• with a grade of "F".

http//www.umassd.edu/studenthandbook/academicregs
/ethicalstandards.cfm
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Other Course Requirements

• Please feel free to ask questions at any time, I
  am here to help you.
• Check the class website frequently the News
  section will be used as a primary means of
  notification
• Do not surf the Internet while in class
• Disable cell phones, pagers, and other
  distracting devices while in class

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Grading

• Homework 20
• Group Project 20
• Exam 1 20
• Exam 2 20
• Final 20
• In-class extra-credit problems

The letter grades will be assigned using the
following approximate scale (A,A) 100-90
(A-,B,B) 90-80 (B-, C,C) 80-70 (C-,D,D)
70-60 F60-0.
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In Case of Trouble

• If you feel yourself slipping behind, feel
  free to come and see the instructor for advice.
  If you do decide the class is not happening for
  you at this semester,
• the last day to Add/Drop is Tuesday, Sept. 10,
  and
• the last day to Withdraw is Wednesday, Nov. 13,
  2013.
• However, before you withdraw, discuss your
  decision with the instructor and your advisor.

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Academic Support Services

• Academic Advising Center
• Science and Engineering Center
• Writing and Reading Center
• Disabled Student Service

http//www.umassd.edu/studenthandbook/univservices
/univservices1.cfm
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Contacting Instructor

• Please feel free to contact the instructor if you
  have any
• special needs
• questions about homework, projects, or exams
• comments, feedbacks on how to improve lectures
• interesting experiences or tips on how to do well
  in the class
• Constructive criticism will be appreciated
• ID umass_ece546_at_hotmail.com
• PWD  umass123456

• Contact information

Email hwang1_at_umassd.edu
voice 508-999-8469
Fax [phone]
Office II-209B
Office Hours Mon./Wed. 1 2pm, Friday. 12 2 pm, or by appointment via email

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Welcome to ECE456

• Todays lecture
• Course Syllabus Operational Details
• Background Survey
• Introduction to Computer Systems

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Things To Do

• Finish the Background Survey before you leave
• Review the course syllabus and project materials
• Find your partners for the project
• Check out the class website
• Http//www.faculty.umassd.edu/honggang.wang/teachi
  ng.html

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Enjoy the class!
Have A
Fruitful Joyful
Semester!
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Welcome to ECE456

• Todays lecture
• Course Syllabus Operational Details
• Background Survey
• Introduction to Computer Systems

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Introduction to Computer Systems

• History of computers
• Evolution of the Intel family
• Issue of performance balancing

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History of Computers
Table 2.2
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The 1st Generation Vacuum Tubes
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Vacuum Tubes

• Vacuum tubes are glass tubes with circuits
  inside.
• Vacuum tubes have no air inside of them, which
  protects the circuitry.

http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube
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ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And
Computer)

• First general-purpose electronic digital computer
• designed by Mauchly Eckert at the University of
  Pennsylvania
• started 1943, finished 1946
• disassembled 1955
• 18,000 vacuum tubes
• 30 tons
• 30 feet 50 feet
• 140 kw power consumption

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ENIAC (Contd)

• A decimal machine (not binary)
• 5000 additions per second
• Data was entered on punched cards
• Entering altering programs was extremely
  tedious
• programmed manually by setting switches and
  plugging unplugging cables
• programming for typical calculations required
  from 1/2 hour to a whole day

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Stored-Program Concept
Programming could be facilitated if program could
be represented in a form suitable for storing in
memory alongside the data. Then a computer could
get its instructions by reading from memory, and
a program could be set or modified by setting
the values of a portion of memory

• Proposed by Von Neumann in 1945
• Developed by Turing about the same time
• Applied to IAS computer by Von Neumann et al.

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IAS Computer

• Named for the Institute for Advanced Study at
  Princeton University
• Began 1946, completed 1952
• The prototype of all subsequent
• general-purpose computers
• Structure
• Von Neumann machines

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First Computer Bug - 1945

• Grace Hopper found a moth stuck in a relay
  responsible for a malfunction
• An error in a computer program that prevents it
  from working correctly or produces an incorrect
  result

http//www.jamesshuggins.com/h/tek1/first_computer
_bug.htm
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The 2nd Generation Transistor
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First Transistor

• Invented at Bell labs in 1947
• Won a Nobel prize
• Uses Silicon
• Advantages

http//www.cedmagic.com/history/transistor-1947.ht
ml William Shockley (seated at Brattain's
laboratory bench), John Bardeen (left) and Walter
Brattain (right)
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor
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Transistor-Based Computers

• National Cash Register Radio Company of America
  (NCR RCA, front-runners)
• International Business Machines (IBM 7000 series)
• Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC, 1957, PDP-1)

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The 3rd Generation Integrated Circuits (Chips)
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First Chip

• Invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments in
  1958
• Integrated Circuits are transistors, resistors,
  and capacitors integrated together into a single
  chip
• Won a Nobel prize

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3rd Generation - Integrated Circuits

• Small-Scale Integration (SSI, 1965 on, 3rd
  generation)
• up to 100 devices/chip,
• Medium-Scale Integration (MSI, to 1971, 3rd)
• 100 - 3,000 devices/chip,
• Large-Scale Integration (LSI, 1972-1977, 4th)
• 3,000 - 100,000 devices/chip,
• Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI, 1978 1991,
  5th)
• 100,000 - 1,000,000 devices/chip,
• Ultra Large-Scale Integration (ULSI, 1991
  present, 6th)
• More than 1 million devices /chip

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Moores Law

• Number of transistors on a chip will double
• every year - by Gordon Moore, Intel cofounder
  in 1965
• The pace slowed to a doubling every 18 months and
  sustained ever since 1970s (refer to Figure 2.8
  in textbook)

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Moores Law (Contd)

• How long will Moore's Law hold?
• Moore (1997) It'll go for at least a few more
  generations of technology. Then, in about a
  decade, we're going to see a distinct slowing in
  the rate at which the doubling occurs. I haven't
  tried to estimate what the rate will be, but it
  might be half as fast - three years instead of
  eighteen months.
• See class web-site (Lecture Reading) for details

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The FIRSTs

• The first general-purpose electronic digital
  computer ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator
  And Computer), 1943 1955
• The first computer bug, found by Grace Hopper in
  1945
• The first transistor, invented at Bell labs in
  1947 (Nobel Prize)
• The first chip (Integrated Circuit), invented by
  Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments in 1958 (Nobel
  Prize)
• More

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The First Minicomputer - 1964

• DEC PDP-8
• Small enough to sit on a lab bench
• Embedded applications
• Flexible bus structure

...
Console controller
CPU
Main memory
I/O module
I/O module
Omnibus
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The First Microprocessor 1971

• The Intel 4004 had 2,250 transistors
• four-bit
• 108Khz
• Called Microchip

The Pioneer 10 spacecraft used the 4004
microprocessor. It was launched on March 2, 1972
and was the first spacecraft and microprocessor
to enter the Asteroid Belt.
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Part II Introduction to Computer Systems

• History of computers
• Evolution of the Intel family
• Issue of performance balancing

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Intel Pentium Evolution

• 4004 (1971, 4 bit)
• first microprocessor (all CPU components on a
  single chip)
• 8008 (1972, 8 bit)
• designed for specific applications
• 8080 (1974, 8 bit)
• first general-purpose microprocessor
• used in the first personal computer - Altair
• 8086/8088 (1978, 16 bit)
• instruction cache, 1 M (220)-byte addressable
  memory
• used in IBMs first PC

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Intel Pentium Evolution (Contd)

• 80286 (1982, 16 bit)
• 16 Mbyte addressable memory
• 80386 (1985, 32 bit)
• supporting multitasking
• 80486 (1989, 32 bit)
• powerful cache instruction pipelining
• built-in math co-processor
• Pentium (1993, 32 bit)
• superscalar

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Intel Pentium Evolution (Contd)

• Pentium Pro. (1995, 32 bit)
• register renaming, branch prediction, data flow
  analysis, and speculative execution
• Pentium II (1997, 32 bit)
• Intel MMX technology video, audio, graphics data
• Pentium III (1999, 32 bit)
• Additional floating-point instructions for 3D
  graphics
• Pentium 4 (2000, 32 bit)
• Further floating-point and multi-media
  enhancements
• Itanium (2001, 64 bit, IA-64 architecture, EPIC)
• Itanium 2 (2002, second member of 64-bit)
• Pentium M (2003, mobile technology)

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Evolution Characteristics

• The evolution of computers has been characterized
  by
• increasing processor speed
• decreasing component size
• increasing memory size
• increasing I/O capacity and speed

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Introduction to Computer Systems

• History of computers
• Evolution of the Intel family
• Issue of performance balancing

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Designing for Performance

• Performance mismatch among various components
  prevents the system from achieving its potential
  power, for example,
• Performance balancing is a critical issue in
  computer system design

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Welcome to ECE456

• Weeks lecture
• Course Syllabus Operational Details
• Background Survey
• Introduction to Computer Systems
• History of computers and evolution
  characteristics
• Evolution of Intel Pentium
• Performance balance is critical for the computer
  system to achieve its potential power