Contrast Microscopy

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Contrast Microscopy
Koehler Illumination Dark Field Phase
Contrast Differential Interference
Contrast Hoffman Modulation
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Phase Contrast Images
Brightfield
Phase Contrast
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Phase Contrast Microscopy
F. Zernike, 1930s
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Phase Contrast Microscopy
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Phase Contrast Images
Brightfield
Phase Contrast
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Contrast Microscopy
Koehler Illumination Dark Field Phase
Contrast Differential Interference
Contrast Hoffman Modulation
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DIC (Nomarski) Images
Phase Contrast
Nomarski Optics
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Electromagnetism Electromagnetic Theory of Light
James Maxwell (1831-1879)
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Wave Nature of Light
Under some conditions, light behaves as an
electromagnetic wave (Maxwell, 1855). In this
model, electric and magnetic fields oscillate
perpendicular to one another and to the direction
of propagation of the light wave.
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Refractive Polarization
Brewster Angle 53o - 56o
David Brewster (1781 - 1868)
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Optical Birefringence
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Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy
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DIC Phase Contrast
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Phase Contrast DIC
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Hoffman Modulation
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Hoffman Modulation Images
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