Migration

1
Unit Two Review

• Migration

2
Migration

• Activity Space space people need to conduct
  their daily activities when activity space runs
  out, people move
• Migration the movement of people for a variety
  of reasons
• People tend to migrate near their place of origin
• Long-distance migration is rare

3
Migration

• People entering a country are called immigrants
• They move in
• People leaving a country are called emigrants
• They exit
• Net migration is defined as the number of
  immigrants minus the number of emigrants
• Formula NMI-E

4
Migration Trends

• Most people move at least once in their lifetime,
  usually to a place nearby
• When people to migrate to another country, they
  tend to migrate to major industrial center
• They also tend to migrate to areas where they
  know people, or people resemble them
• Ex Ethnic neighborhoods

5
Push and Pull Factors

• A pull factor is a positive perception about a
  location that induces a person to move there
• A push factor is a negative perception about a
  location that induces a person to move away
• Both are based on perceptions
• Example climate

6
Types of Push and Pull Factors

• Economic Factors
• Political Factors
• Environmental

7
Economic Factors

• Economic factors are the number one reason why
  people move
• Economics can be a pull factor if there are job
  opportunities, or a push factor if there are not
  enough jobs

8
Political Factors

• Sometimes people are forced to flee a country
• Refugee people who are forced to flee their
  homeland due to fear of persecution or death
• Internally Displaced People (IDP) refugees who
  remain in the country, but away from their homes
• Forced Migrants are people who are forced out of
  their homes for either political or environmental
  reasons
• Ex Cherokee along the Trail of Tears

9
Environmental Factors

• Usually environmental factors involve climate
• Voluntary Migration people have the choice to
  move to a new location
• Ex Elderly moving to Florida or Arizona for
  warmer climate
• Place Utility offering incentives for people to
  move to their areas includes tax breaks and
  increasing recreational opportunities

10
Types of Migration

• Intercontinental Migration movement of people
  across an ocean or continent
• Very expensive migration
• Usually involves distance decay
• Distance Decay the further one moves away from
  the place of origin, the less important the place
  of origin becomes

11
Intercontinental Migration

• People begin to take on the culture of the new
  land
• Also called acculturation
• Takes three generations for a culture to lose
  native ways
• Chain Migration occurs when someone moves and
  other family members and friends follow
• Takes many years for the family to be reunited

12
Interregional Migration

• Migration within a countrys borders
• Usually voluntary, and not as expensive as
  intercontinental migration
• International Migration moving from one country
  to another

13
Rural-to-Urban Migration

• This migration is usually done for economic
  reasons
• Occurs mostly in LDCs, which also have the
  highest rate of urbanization
• In the United States, the majority of the
  population live in suburbs
• The current trend is counterurbanization, or
  leaving the cities for rural areas

14
Cyclic Migration

• Movement of people for agricultural reasons
• Some societies practice pastoral nomadism, and
  move animals seasonally to food sources
• Transhumance is the movement of livestock to
  higher elevations during the summer to escape
  heat of the valleys, and to lower elevations in
  the winter to escape extreme cold

15
The Gravity Model

• The greater the sphere of influence the a city
  has, the greater its impact on other cities
  around it
• Gravity model means there will be more migration
  between these points, regardless of distance
• Takes into account migration, travel, telephone
  calls, trade, etc.

16
Gravity Model

• Population 1 X Population 2
• Distance²
• Ex New York and Tokyo have a high relationship
  even though the distance is far

17
Intervening Obstacles

• An intervening obstacle can cause individuals to
  halt their migration plans due to some negative
  factor
• Includes
• Physical Obstacles
• Distance of Cost and Travel
• Cultural Factors
• Governmental Restrictions
• Intervening Opportunities

18
Physical Obstacles

• The physical environment includes natural
  disasters, landforms, and climates
• Example The Oregon Trail

19
Distance and Cost of Travel

• The most expensive type of migration is
  intercontinental and involves crossing an ocean

20
Cultural Factors

• Language is a major cultural factor that inhibits
  migration

21
Governmental Restrictions

• Many countries around the world have quotas
• Quotas are limits that governments put on the
  number of immigrants they allow into their
  country
• The United States allows approximately two
  million immigrants per year

22
Illegal Immigration

• There are usually more people that want to come
  to America than the quota allows
• Coyotes are hired by illegal immigrants to allow
  them access to the United States
• Some Americans feel that the way to combat
  illegal immigration is to grant amnesty to all
  who are here now
• Amnesty allows legal status to those here
  illegally

23
Intervening Opportunities

• Intervening opportunities are the opposite of
  intervening obstacles
• Occurs when a migrant stops along a stop on their
  migration route due to a favorable economic
  activity or other amenity on the way

24
Forced Migration

• Not all migration is positive
• Slavery is a type of forced migration where one
  is removed from their place of origin and sent
  somewhere else for forced labor
• Triangle Slave Trade connected the west coast of
  Africa with the Caribbean, and then to Europe

25
Transmigration

• A type of forced migration where the government
  moves people from one place to another within the
  country
• Usually used because the population had exceeded
  the carrying capacity
• Ex Indonesia removed people from Java and put
  them on another island

26
US Immigration

• Traditionally, the two main ports of entry into
  the United States were Boston and Ellis Island
• The primary movement of Americans is westward
• A census is a detailing counting of the
  population, and occurs in the United States every
  ten years
• 2010..

27
US Migration Continued

• The primary reasons for migrating to the United
  States were religious and economic freedoms
• The two immigration peaks of the United States
  were from 1900-1920, and then 1980-2000. When
  the United States is doing well economically,
  migration goes up.
• Immigration declined during the Depression and
  after World War II.

28
US Immigration Today

• Most legal immigrants come from Mexico
• China is second
• Most illegal immigrants come from Mexico