Dietary Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids

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Dietary Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids Compete
in Producing Tissue Compositions And Tissue
Responses
A critique of paradoxes in current advice on
dietary lipids. Progress in Lipid Research
(2008) 47 77106. Planning primary prevention
of coronary disease. Current Atherosclerosis
Reports (2009) 11 272280.
Nutritional Armor, 2009
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CONNECTING CAUSE TO CONSEQUENCE
THE CONTEXT IS COMPETITION
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Often-neglected facts cause paradoxes An
observed association with disease is not proof of
cause. Treating disease signs
symptoms, may not remove the cause.
Smoke predicts fire - - it
does NOT cause fire
Waving smoke away from fires does NOT
prevent fires
Dont bother me with facts - - my mind is already
made up!
Lands, B. Prog.Lipid Res. 2008 47 77-106.
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18-carbon 20- 22-carbon
Serving kcals Short 6
Short 3 Long 6 Long 3 Mackerel, king,
85g 114 43 98 0
360 Salmon,Atlantic wild 85g 155
187 411 291 1877 Oyster, Pacific
85g 39 54 197
65 1204 Mackerel, jack 95g
296 188 283 131
2535 Clam, canned 85g 126
27 34 70 330 Sablefish
85g 213 179
228 113 1703
Chicken, breast 110g 202 1485
66 66 44 Turkey,
140g 235 1442 42 266
98 Pork, loin, 85g
147 400 9 34 0
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18-carbon 20- 22-carbon
Serving kcalsShort 6
Short 3 Long 6 Long 3 Mungo beans
85g 69 51 231 0
0 Beans, french 88g 114
147 254 0 0 Beans,
kidney, red 128g 109 93 148
0 0 Brussels sprouts 78g
32 60 131 2
0 Broccoli 180g 50
68 232 0 0 Cowpeas
(Blackeye) 165g 80 77 56
0 0
Corn, sweet, yellow 82g 66 162
5 0 0
Chickpeas(garbanzo) 82g 135 913
35 0 0 Peanuts,
28g 166 4448 1
0 0
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Food Oils at http//efaeducation.nih.gov/sig/
esstable1.html
18-carbon
20- 22-carbon k cals
Short 6 Short 3 Long 6 Long 3
Oil, perilla 1 Tbs 120 1680
8960 0 0 Oil, flaxseed
1 Tbs 120 2240 7980 0
0 Fish oil, herring 1 Tbs
123 156 417 39 1509 Fish
oil, salmon 1 Tbs 123 210 525
92 4657 Fish oil, sardine 1
Tbs 123 274 592 239 3096
Fish oil, cod liver 1 Tbs 123 127
254 127 2557 Fish oil, menhaden
1 Tbs 123 293 575 159 3624
Butter oil, anhydrous 1 Tbs 112 288
185 0 0 Oil, canola
1 Tbs 124 2842 1302 0
0 Oil, walnut 1 Tbs
120 7194 1414 0 0 Oil,
soybean 1 Tbs 120 6936 925
0 0 Oil, olive
1 Tbs 119 1067 81 0
0 Sunflower,181gt70 1 Tbs 124
505 27 0 0 Oil, palm
1 Tbs 120 1238 27
0 0 Oil, corn
1 Tbs 120 7888 95 0
0 Oil, peanut 1 Tbs
119 4320 0 0 0
Oil, coconut 1 Tbs 117
245 0 0 0
Sunflower,182gt60 1 Tbs 120 8935 0
0 0 Safflower, 182gt70
1 Tbs 120 10149 0 0
0 Safflower, 181gt70 1 Tbs 120 1952
0 0 0 Oil, palm kernel
1 Tbs 117 218 0
0 0
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The Context is Competition
OMEGA-6 OMEGA-3
Flax oil Canola oil Green Leaves
Linoleic acid (182n-6) LA a-Linolenic
acid (183n-3) ALA
Corn oil Sesame oil Soybean oil
Dihomo-? -linolenate (203n-6) DGLA
Meat Organs
Arachidonic acid (204n-6) AA
Eicosapentaenoic acid (205n-3) EPA
Fish Seafood
Adrenic Acid (224n-6) DPA
(225n-3)
DPA (225n-6)
Docosahexaenoic (226n-3) DHA
HUFA are Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids with
20- and 22-carbon 3 or more double bonds
A biomarker of omega-3 status in tissues is
n-3 in HUFA A biomarker of omega-6 status
in tissues is n-6 in HUFA
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The Context is Competition
OMEGA-6 OMEGA-3
Flax oil Canola oil Green Leaves
Linoleic acid (182n-6) LA a-Linolenic
acid (183n-3) ALA
Corn oil Sesame oil Soybean oil
Dihomo-? -linolenate (203n-6) DGLA
Balanced eicosanoid actions
Meat Organs
Arachidonic acid (204n-6) AA
Eicosapentaenoic acid (205n-3) EPA
Fish Seafood
Adrenic Acid (224n-6) DPA
(225n-3)
Neurite health
DPA (225n-6)
Docosahexaenoic (226n-3) DHA
HUFA are Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids with
20- and 22-carbon 3 or more double bonds
A biomarker of omega-3 status in tissues is
n-3 in HUFA A biomarker of omega-6 status
in tissues is n-6 in HUFA
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Americans have high omega-6 in HUFA an omega-3
deficit
USA quintiles
Heart Attack Death Rate
High omega-6 in HUFA means Omega-3 deficit
Primary Prevention happens here
omega-6 in HUFA
Lands, Lipids 2003 (Apr.) 38 317321
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Health Risk Assessment (HRA)
Health Risk Assessment of An Omega-3 Deficit
Omega-3 deficit
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FOOD amino acids nucleosides fatty
acids sugars essential FA
Connecting primary cause to consequences
Biomarker
lt This is a valid surrogate endpoint for
nutrition-based primary prevention
of CHD morbidity mortality
n-6 in HUFA of tissue phospholipids
arthritis asthma colon cancer length of
hospital stay psychiatric disorders workplace
disruption
n-3 n-6 HUFA release
oxidant stress inflammation proliferation
impaired nitric oxide
XS n-6 eicosanoids
aspirin
vessel wall plaques
ischemia
platelet activation
Morbidity Mortality
thrombosis
arrhythmia
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Wada et al., J Biol Chem. 2007 282(31)
22254-66.
Tissue HUFA
Relative n-3 n-6 actions with enzymes
receptors
Release HUFA
Oxidize HUFA to intermediates
Make hormones
Overall, n-3 forms act less intensely than n-6
forms.
Hormone receptor actions
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The Context is Competition
Traditional GC reports describe wt for ALL
measured fatty acids - - - - but FEW acids
are used for clinical interpretations
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Hyperbolic metabolic conversion of dietary PUFA
to tissue HUFA
n-6
Dietary en 182n-6 Dietary en 183n-3
en n-6 or n-3 PUFA Very low
intakes of n-3 or n-6 acids prevent EFA
deficiency Mohrhauer Holman J. Lipid
Res. 3 151-159, 1963
(also see http//efaeducation.n
ih.gov/sig/dri.html)
182n-6
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MichaelisMenten Hyperbola
ALA (183n-3) acts in the context of LA (182n-6)
competition
Added n-6 LA decreases n-3 ALA going to n-3 HUFA
Less LA gave more ALA going to n-3 HUFA
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Tissue HUFA are maintained by dietary PUFA
in an empirical hyperbolic metabolic relationship
100
100
203204n-6 in HUFA


)
(
)
(



HC6 0.70 HC3 3.0 PC6
0.044 PC3 0.055 HI3 0.005
HI6 0.040 C0 5.0
Ks 0.175
Lands et al, BBA 1180 147-162 (1992)
constants revised in 2002
( http//efaeducation.nih.gov/sig/hufacalc.html )
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From Lands (2003) Curr.Topics Nutraceut.Res.1
113-120
USA
45yr-old urban
55yr-old rural
Assayed
Predicted
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Dietary Reference Intakes for Omega-6 Linoleic
Acid
    EAR - Estimated average requirement for 50
Study 428 infants, and saw unwanted dermal
signs were present in 100 infants receiving
0.04 energy as linoleate, in 40 infants
receiving 0.07 energy as linoleate in 0
receiving 1.3 . The EAR may be near 0.06 of
food energy. - Hansen AE, et al. (1958)
J.Nutr. 66 565-576. - Hansen, AE, et al.
(1963) Pediatrics 31 171-192.         RDA -
Recommended dietary allowance for 98 Thousands
of healthy infants were raised with diets with
omega-6 at 0.4 to 0.9 food energy, and
calculation showed linoleate requirement for
97 to 98 of infants, i.e.RDA, is likely less
than 0.5 energy - Combes, MA, et al.
(1962) Pediatrics 30 136-144. -
Cuthbertson, WFJ. (1976) Am. J.Clin.Nutr. 29
559-568.       Quintiles of dietary intake of
linoleate in the USA 2.9 4.4 5.5 6.9 10.3
en. - Dolecek, T.A., Grandits, G. In
World Rev. Nutr. Diet 1991 66 205-216
200 x EAR 20 x RDA
100 x EAR 10 x RDA
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See milligrams of EFA per serving
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Keep those calories under control
Balance the eicosanoid precursors in your body
Other facts on your foods
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Tools for Primary Prevention Low-cost assay of
n-6 in HUFA to monitor risk and
compliance Known diet-tissue relationship
to predict food impacts Computer-aided
food choice to counsel good food
combinations
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