Indonesia

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Indonesia

• By
• Monica Hausler
• November 1, 2005

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(No Transcript)
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History of Indonesia

• In the early 17th century is when the Dutch began
  to colonize Indonesia.
• The islands were occupied by Japan from 1842 to
  1945.
• After four years of negotiations and hostilities,
  Indonesia declared its independence on August 17,
  1945 when Japan surrendered.
• It is the worlds largest archipelagic state.
• Current Issues
• Improving the widespread of poverty
• Preventing terrorism
• Continuing to transition to popularly-elected
  governments after having four decades of
  authoritarianism.

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Did You Know

• Indonesia is slightly less than three times the
  size of Texas!
• The climate is tropical, hot and humid but in
  the highlands it is more moderate.
• The terrain is mostly coastal lowlands, however
  larger islands have interior mountains.
• Natural resources petroleum, tin, natural gas,
  nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soil,
  coal, gold and silver.
• Natural Hazards occasional floods, severe
  droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanoes, and
  forest fires.
• Current environmental issues deforestation,
  water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage,
  air pollution in urban areas, smoke and haze from
  forest fires.
• Its an archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 are
  inhabited)
• Straddles the equator, next to the Indian Ocean
  and Pacific Ocean

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People in Indonesia

• Population 241,973,879 (as of July 2005)
• Population growth rate 1.45
• http//www.unfpa.org/swp/2000/english/indicators/i
  ndicators2.html
• Birth rate 20.71 births/ 1,000 population
• 2.44 children are born/woman
• Sex ratio at birth is 1.05 males/ female
• Infant mortality rate is 35.6 deaths/1,000 live
  births
• Life expectancy (at birth) males 67.13 years
  females 72.13 years
• Death rate 6.25 deaths/ 1,000 population
• Estimate of 110,000 people (as of 2003) are
  currently living with HIV/AIDS
• 2,400 people have died from it

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• There is a HIGH risk of getting an infectious
  disease.
• Major infectious diseases
• Food or waterborne diseases bacterial and
  protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, thyphoid
  fever
• Vectorborne diseases dengue fever, malaria,
  chikungunya and currently Avian Influenza (bird
  flu)
• Ethnic groups Javanese (45), Sundanese (14),
  Madurese (7.5), coastal Malays (7.5), and other
  (26)
• Religions Muslim (88), Protestant (5), Roman
  Catholic (3), Hindu (2), Buddhist (1), and
  other (1)
• Languages that are spoken Bahasa Indonesia,
  English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely
  spoken is Javanese
• 87.9 of the total population, ages 15 and older,
  can read and write

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Government of Indonesia

• Government type is Republic
• Capital is Jakarta
• Executive branches include
• Chief of State President Susilo Bambang Vice
  President Muhammad Yusuf (both since October 20,
  2004)
• Head of government President Susilo Bambang
  Vice President Muhammad Yusuf (the president is
  both the chief of state and the head of the
  government)
• Elections the last was held on September 20,
  2004 both the president and vice president are
  elected for five-year terms by direct votes of
  citizens
• Flag two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and
  white (bottom) its similar to the flag of
  Poland, which has white (top) and red (bottom)

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Indonesian Flag
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Economy

• Indonesia is composed of a large multilingual
  nation.
• Economic development problems include high
  unemployment, a fragile banking sector,
  widespread corruption, inadequate infrastructure,
  poor investment climate, and an unequal resource
  distribution among regions.
• Agricultural products include rice, cassava
  (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm
  oil, copra, poultry (not any more), beef, pork,
  and eggs.
• Exports 69.86 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
• Export partners Japan 21.86, United States
  13.5, Singapore 9.2, China 7.5, South Korea
  5.9, Malaysia 4.9
• Imports 45.07 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
• Import partners Japan 19.3, China 11,
  Singapore 9.2, Thailand 6.8, Malaysia 6.5,
  United States 5.7, Australia 5, Germany 4.2
• Import merchandise machinery and equipment,
  chemicals, fuels, foodstuff
• Currency Indonesian rupiah (IDR)
• 8,938.90 IDR/ U.S. dollar (as of 2004)

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Indonesias Infrastructure

• Communications
• 7.75 million people use main line telephones
  (2002)
• 11.7 million people use cell phones (2002)
• 31.5 million radios (1997)
• 41 television broadcast stations (1999)
• 8 million people are users of the Internet (2002)
• Transportations
• Railways 6,458 km (2004)
• Highways 342,700 km (1999)
• Waterways 21,579 km (2004)
• A total of 9 ports and harbors
• 667 airports (154 with paved runways 513 with
  unpaved runways)
• 22 heliports

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Did you say TSUNAMI???

• On December 26, 2004, a major tsunami took nearly
  127,000 lives, left more than 93,000 missing and
  nearly 441,000 displaced, and destroyed 4.5 to
  5.0 billion worth of property.
• The tsunami was generated by an undersea
  earthquake and killed approximately 275,000
  people making it one of the deadliest disasters
  in Modern history.
• Also known as the Boxing Day Tsunami
• The magnitude of the earthquake ranged from 9.0
  to 9.3, making it the second largest earthquake
  ever recorded on a seismograph however,
  authoritative estimates now put the magnitude at
  9.15.
• In May 2005, scientists said that the earthquake
  lasted close to TEN minutes, when most major
  earthquakes usually last a few seconds!
• It caused the whole planet to vibrate at least a
  few centimeters, also triggered earthquakes
  elsewhereas far away as Alaska
• With waves up to 30m (100 ft) high, it devastated
  the shores of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, South India,
  Thailand, and other countries.

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Could you even imagine
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Struggle for Water

• Taken from the Jakarta Post, the article was
  about eight families that live in the Kayen
  Village in Boyolali, Central Java.
• These residents rely on a small nearby river for
  their water supply and when there is a dry season
  it makes for a really difficult time.
• Poverty is at the root of these villagers
  problem because they cannot afford to build a
  well.
• They make their living from farming
• Each household averages six people
• So when the river runs dry the villagers have to
  dig a hole in the riverbed for water.
• Dig a hole that is one meter-deep in the riverbed
• After about 30 minutes, the hole will be full
  with a muddy puddle
• Scoop out the water from the hole
• Store it in a reservoir for one night to let the
  mud silt before it can be used

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Using her hands, she digs a hole in the dried
riverbed to get water
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A woman uses a long cup to take water from the
well
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The water is then stored in a reservoir. It is
usually stored there for one night to allow all
of the mud particles to settle.
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Resi Yadnya (in Bali)

• The main aim of this ritual is to purify the body
  and soul of the person who wants to be a priest.
  Its also aimed to express gratitude to the
  priests who transfer the religious teaching to
  the people.
• So basically, it is a holy sacrifice that is
  dedicated to the Rsi (priest)
• The Nitya Karma applications of the Resi Yadnya
• Daily building holy houses for the priests, give
  holy funds for priests, and pay great respect for
  the priests
• Occasionally Carry out purification ceremonies
  for the person who will become a priest
• The purification ceremony is essential because
  the priests have the duty of leading the holy
  ritual ceremonies
• It is believed that the person who becomes a
  priest is reborn.
• The first-born comes from the mothers fetus
• The second-born comes from the holy knowledge.
  After being reborn, the priest must not think
  about the materialistic aspects, but now must be
  concerned with the holy service to the religion
  by leading a holy ritual ceremonies and spreading
  out the holy religious teaching

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Ngaben Cremation Ceremony

• The Balinese believe that each individual soul is
  reincarnated into many lifetimes, through
  numerous struggles and stages, until one has
  achieved union with the divine.
• For every Balinese Hindu, it is their duty to
  have children in order to provide a vessel for
  the spirits of their ancestors to be
  reincarnated.
• Children are loved and highly appreciated in
  Bali.
• Especially male children because they carry the
  blood line of the family and also take care of
  the burial and cremation of their parents
• A man does not become a full member of his Banjar
  (village council)until he becomes a father.
• There are many rituals within the lifetime of
  Balinese and because each life is viewed as a
  passage from one stage to another each ritual
  represents a critical stage.

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• The cremation of the dead, which is called
  pengabenan or pelebon, is the most important and
  colorful ritual in the Balinese religion.
• Cremation is necessary to liberate the soul of
  the deceased so that it is free to make the
  passage into heaven and reincarnation.
• As a result of cost and complicated preparations,
  cremation often doesnt take place for a while
  after the death.
• Group cremations are held in order to share the
  labor and expenses
• The time between death and cremation, the body is
  held in the cemetery. However, in the case of a
  wealthy person, the cremation process can be
  arranged more quickly and the body of the
  deceased lies in the family compound
• It believed that during the time between death
  and cremation the body is agitated and longing
  for release
• The day for cremation is chosen by a pendanda, or
  priest, after consulting the Balinese calendar.

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• Preparation for cremation begins long before the
  cremation day
• Each family builds a tower of bamboo and paper,
  extravagantly painted according to the caste and
  wealth of the deceased and supported on a large
  bamboo platform.
• A magnificent, brightly colored, life-size bull
  is also made of kapok wood, bamboo, cloth and
  colored paper
• On the morning of the cremation, relatives and
  friends visit the house to pay their last
  respect, and are entertained and fed by the
  family.
• At midday, the body is taken out of the house and
  carried, with the tower and bull to the dead
  mans banjar (village council).
• A loud, noisy, rowdy and energetic procession is
  designed to confuse the soul of the deceased so
  that it will lose its way and not be able to
  return to the family compound, where it could
  lead to mischief
• At cremation ground, the body is put into the
  belly of the bull and a priest officiates the
  last rites and the bull is lit on fire.

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• After the burning, the ashes are carried to the
  sea (or local river) where they are thrown into
  the wind. This represents the cleansing and
  disposal of the material body, which causes for
  singing, laughing and celebration.
• After resting in heaven, the soul is then
  believed to be reborn.
• The status of the reborn soul is in relation to
  the personal karma or conduct in the previous
  lifetime.
• The Balinese believe that the soul is reborn
  within the same blood relations of the previous
  life.
• The cycle of death and rebirth gives reason for
  the significance of the Balinese ancestors.
• Every Balinese person knows that one day they too
  will become an ancestor.

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Nyepi Day

• This day is the coming of the new year on the
  Saka calendar in which the Balinese Hindus
  celebrate in silence.
• This year, it was celebrated on March 25. Its a
  culmination of several days that are spent
  celebrating.
• March 21 gather all sacred apparatus that
  symbolize the supremacy of God in the world of
  the temple village
• March 22/23 Melasti day, all of the statues of
  the gods from all of the village temples are
  taken to the river in a long and colorful
  ceremony. They are then bathed by the god Baruna
  and then taken back to the residence. This
  symbolizes the purification of the village and
  everyone purifies themselves as well.
• March 24 Pengerupukan is when offering is
  given. All villages also hold a large exorcist
  ceremony at the main village crossroad, here all
  of the demons of the Bali world are let loose on
  the road in a carnival of monsters, known as the
  Ogoh-Ogoh
• March 25 Silence begins at 5a.m. and remains for
  the next 24 hours

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• The Balinese Hindus do not celebrate the new year
  with partying, instead they celebrate with
  meditation.
• No pleasure, no traffic, no fire, no work!
• Everybody has to stay inside their house and
  there cannot be any lights on in the house, there
  can be no sounds of radio and no works,
  everything is just kept silent.
• Activities are only allowed in emergency rooms
  and the maternity sections of the hospitals. Any
  emergencies are taken into consideration and then
  tolerated.
• These prohibitions are aimed at controlling ones
  self and also represent their compliance with
  God.
• Ngembak Geni is the day that follows the
  meditations, where people are happy and bless
  their success of controlling themselves through
  silence. On this day they have family gatherings
  and celebrate togetherness.

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So, If You Are Planning a Trip to Bali

• Research the Gregorian calendar to make sure that
  you dont arrive on the occasion of Nyepi Day.
• And if you do happen to arrive on that day
• Hotels will be in service, but no outdoor
  activities are allowed and guests are asked to
  stay inside the hotel.
• The whole island is in complete SILENCE
• Airports will be totally closed, no arrivals nor
  departures (dont worry, all of the connecting
  airports around the globe have been informed
  about it in advance)
• No activity in bus terminals and there will be no
  traffic on that day in the whole Bali island.
• Stay inside your house, dont make any sounds
  while you are at home, do not go outside of the
  houseif you need food or anything make sure you
  get it the day before because nothing will be
  open.

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Work Cited

• http//asiarecipe.com/indohiseurope.html
• http//www.culture.or.id/ritual_ceremonial/festivi
  ties.html
• http//www.culture.or.id/ritual_ceremonial/ngaben.
  html
• http//www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/prin
  t/id.html
• http//www.thejakartapost.com/gallery.asp