Medical Electronics

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Introduction to Medical Equipment MED 201
Dr. Mohamed El-Brawany
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Introduction I

• Late 19th and Early 20th centuries
• Measuring and recording biopotential
• Electrosurgery (incisions by resistive heating)
• Heart stimulation (defibrillator and pacemaker)
• X-Ray (Rontgen 1895)
• Electronic Acquisition of radiographic data
• Radionuclides (1948 iodine , thyroid)

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Introduction II

• Ultrasound
• MRI
• Principle and chemical application 1946,
• Applied in human 1980.
• Development of Electronics and computers made
  these technologies feasible.

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Origin of Medical Measurements

• Internal Energy
• External Energy

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Identifying Unknown System

• Set of Input /Output equations

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Living organism as a black box

• Electrical, mechanical, acoustical, thermal,
  chemical, optical, hydraulic and pneumatic
  systems all interacting with each other
• Powerful computer,
• Communication system, and
• Control System

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Difficulties of Bio-measurements I

• I/O relationships are not deterministic
• Accessibility problem
• Interaction among the variables
• Effect of measuring device
• Patient safety
• Pain and discomfort

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Difficulties of Bio-measurements II

• Variability of the Data
• Lack of Knowledge
• Artifacts
• Energy Limitations

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Man-Instrument System Objectives

• Information gathering
• Diagnosis
• Evaluation
• Monitoring
• Control

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Man-instrument System Components
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Biomedical Instruments Types

• Research Instr. Used for
• Info gathering
• Are
• More complex
• More specialised
• Used by skilled person

• Clinical Instr. Used for
• Diagnosis
• Care
• Treatment
• Must be
• Rugged
• Easy to use
• Used by nurse or physician

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Biomedical Instruments Measurements