Chapter Preview

1
Table of Contents

• Chapter Preview
• 1.1 What is Science?
• 1.2 Studying Earth
• 1.3 Exploring Earths Surface
• 1.4 Topographic Maps

1.5 Safety in the Science Laboratory
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Chapter Preview Questions

• 1. Solar energy strikes Earth most directly at
• a. the equator.
• b. the North Pole.
• c. the South Pole.
• d. mid-latitudes.

3
Chapter Preview Questions

• 1. Solar energy strikes Earth most directly at
• a. the equator.
• b. the North Pole.
• c. the South Pole.
• d. mid-latitudes.

4
Chapter Preview Questions

• 2. Uneven heating of Earth by the sun causes
• a. volcanic eruptions.
• b. earthquakes.
• c. wind.
• d. landslides.

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Chapter Preview Questions

• 2. Uneven heating of Earth by the sun causes
• a. volcanic eruptions.
• b. earthquakes.
• c. wind.
• d. landslides.

6
Chapter Preview Questions

• 3. The amount of heat that Earth receives from
  the sun varies with latitude because
• a. of fusion in the suns core.
• b. the sun is a yellow star.
• c. the sun is the closest star to Earth.
• d. of the suns height in the sky.

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Chapter Preview Questions

• 3. The amount of heat that Earth receives from
  the sun varies with latitude because
• a. of fusion in the suns core.
• b. the sun is a yellow star.
• c. the sun is the closest star to Earth.
• d. of the suns height in the sky.

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Chapter Preview Questions

• 4. Much of the energy on Earth is from
• a. the sun.
• b. Earths volcanoes.
• c. earthquakes.
• d. Earths core.

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Chapter Preview Questions

• 4. Much of the energy on Earth is from
• a. the sun.
• b. Earths volcanoes.
• c. earthquakes.
• d. Earths core.

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What is one main source of energy for Earths
natural processes and living things?

• A flashlight beam and a ball can model how
  sunlight strikes Earth. Sunlight strikes Earths
  equator directly. But sunlight is more spread out
  where it strikes Earths polar regions. Explain
  how this uneven distribution of the suns energy
  affects Earths atmosphere and oceans.

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High-Use Academic Words
Word Definition Example Sentence

n. A particular part of a place or surface
In what area of the city is your school located?
area
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High-Use Academic Words
Word Definition Example Sentence

In a race, one factor to think about is the
distance you will run.
n. A fact to be considered
factor
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High-Use Academic Words
Word Definition Example Sentence

The scientist predicted that an earthquake might
occur at the site.
v. To take place to happen
occur
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• Apply It!
• Choose the word from the table that best
  completes the sentence.
• Keep your work ____ clean and safe during a
  laboratory experiment.
• area
• 2. Accidents sometimes ____ in a science
  laboratory.
• occur
• 3. Price is a(n) ____ to be considered in buying
  baseball tickets.
• factor

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End of Chapter Preview
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Section 1 What Is Science?

• What skills do scientists use?
• What is scientific inquiry?
• How do scientific theories differ from scientific
  laws?

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Sequoias and Fire

• The graph shows the growth of sequoia seedlings
  in relation to the intensity of controlled burns.
  Use the graph to answer the questions.

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Sequoias and Fire
Reading Graphs
What do the bars on the graph represent?
Seedlings in different locations
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Sequoias and Fire
Reading Graphs
What does the height of each bar represent?
Percent of trees with seedlings
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Sequoias and Fire
Interpreting Data
Which level of burn intensity led to the most
seedling production? The least seedling
production?
High-intensity burn unburned site
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The Nature of Scientific Inquiry

• Scientific Inquiry refers to the many ways in
  which scientists study the natural world and
  propose explanations based on the evidence they
  gather.

Pose Questions
Form a Hypothesis
Communicate
Design an Experiment
Draw Conclusions
Collect and Interpret Data
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The Nature of Inquiry Activity

• Click the Active Art button to open a browser
  window and access Active Art about the nature of
  inquiry.

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End of Section What Is Science?
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Section 2 Studying Earth

• What are the parts of the Earth system?
• How is energy transferred in the Earth system?
• What are the branches of Earth science?

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Earth as a System

• The atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and
  biosphere together make up the Earth system.
  Changes in any part of the system can affect the
  other parts.

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Earth as a System
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Energy Transfer

• Energy can be transferred from place to place by
  moving objects, by waves, or by heat flow. The
  different forms of energy transfer occur around
  us constantly.
• Moving Objects A moving object such as this
  baseball transfers energy from the pitchers arm
  to the catcheror the pitchers bat.

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Energy Transfer

• Waves When the fans cheer, sound waves transfer
  energy as they move through the air.

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Energy Transfer

• Heat Flow Heat Flow transfers energy from the
  warm air into the cold ice cream, causing the ice
  cream to melt.

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Energy Transfer

• Electromagnetic Waves Electromagnetic Waves
  transfer energy as they carry the TV announcers
  voice and image to people outside the ballpark.

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End of Section Studying Earth
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Section 3 Exploring Earths Surface

• What does the topography of an area include?
• What are the main types of landforms?
• How do maps represent Earths surface and help
  find locations?

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Elevations Across California

• On a trip from Californias coast to the Sierra
  Nevada, you would see many changes in topography
  as the elevation and relief of the land changed.

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Types of Landforms

• There are three main types of landforms plains,
  mountains, and plateaus.

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What Is a Map?

• Maps are drawn to scale and use symbols to
  represent topography and other features on
  Earths surface.

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Scales and Ratios

• A ratio compares two numbers by division. For
  example, the scale of a map given as a ratio is
  1250,000. At this scale, the distance between
  two points on the map measures23.5 cm. How would
  you find the actual distance?
• 1. Write the scale as a fraction.
• 2. Write a proportion. Let d represent the
  distance between the two points.
• 3. Write the cross products.
• 1 x d 250,000 x 23.5 cm
• d 5,875,000 cm

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Scales and Ratios

• Practice Problem
• A maps scale is 125,000. If two points are 4.7
  cm apart on the map, how far apart are they on
  the ground?

• 117,500 cm or 1.175 km (1 x d 25,000 x 4.7 cm)
  or (25,000 x 4.7 cm)

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Earths Grid

• Distances around circles are measured in degrees.

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Earths Grid

• The equator and prime meridian divide Earths
  surface into hemispheres.

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Earths Grid

• The lines of latitude and longitude form a grid
  that can be used to find locations anywhere on
  Earth.

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Earths Grid

• Every point on Earths surface has a particular
  latitude and longitude

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Links on Landforms

• Click the SciLinks button for links on landforms.

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Links on Latitude and Longitude

• Click the SciLinks button for links on latitude
  and longitude.

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Latitude and Longitude

• Click the Video button to watch a movie
  aboutlatitude and longitude.

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End of Section Exploring Earths Surface
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Section 4Topographic Maps

• How do mapmakers represent elevation, relief, and
  slope?
• How do you read a topographic map?

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Mapping Earths Topography

• Mapmakers use contour lines to represent
  elevation, relief, and slope on topographic maps.

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Topographic Map Activity

• Click the Active Art button to open a browser
  window and access Active Art about topographic
  maps.

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Reading a Topographic Map

• To read a topographic map, you must familiarize
  yourself with the maps scale and symbols and
  interpret the maps contour lines.

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End of Section Topographic Maps
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Section 5 Safety in the Science Laboratory

• Why is preparation important when carrying out
  scientific investigations in the lab and in the
  field?
• What should you do if an accident occurs?

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Safety in the Lab

• These safety symbols remind you to work carefully
  when performing labs in this textbook series.
  Make sure you are familiar with each safety
  symbol and what it means.

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In Case of an Accident

• When any accident occurs, no matter how minor,
  notify your teacher immediately. Then listen to
  your teachers directions and carry them out
  quickly.

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Links on Laboratory Safety

• Click the SciLinks button for links on laboratory
  safety.

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End of SectionSafety in the Science Laboratory
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QuickTake Quiz

• Click to start quiz.