Some Properties of Acids

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Some Properties of Acids

• Produce H (as H3O) ions in water (the
  hydronium ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a
  water molecule)
• Taste sour
• React with metals to produce hydrogen gas
• Electrolytes
• React with bases to form a salt and water
• pH is less than 7
• Turns blue litmus paper to red

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What do acids do?
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Some Common Acids

• HCl hydrochloric acid
• HNO3 nitric acid
• H2SO4 sulfuric acid
• H3PO4 phosphoric acid
• H2CO3 carbonic acid

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Strong Acids

• Strong acids completely ionize in water.
• For every mole of acid, there will be 1 mole of
  H, so the concentration of H will be the same
  as the concentration of the acid.
• For Example
• HCl ? H Cl-
• 0.03 M 0.03M 0.03 M

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Strong Acids

• HCl, HI, HBr, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4

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Weak Acids

• All weak acids form equilibrium systems in
  solution.
• For example
• H2CO3 (aq) ltgt H (aq) HCO3(aq)
• Since we have an equilibrium system, an
  equilibrium constant (Ka) can be written
• Ka __H A-___
• HA

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Some Properties of Bases

• Produce OH- ions in water
• Taste bitter, chalky
• Are electrolytes
• Feel soapy, slippery
• React with acids to form salts and water
• pH greater than 7
• Turns red litmus paper to blue Basic Blue

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Some Common Bases

• NaOH sodium hydroxide lye
• KOH potassium hydroxide liquid soap
• Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxide stabilizer for
  plastics
• Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide MOM Milk of
  magnesia
• Al(OH)3 aluminum hydroxide Maalox (antacid)

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Strong Bases

• Strong bases completely ionize in water.
• For every mole of a base, there will be 1 mole of
  OH-, so the concentration of OH- will be the same
  as the concentration of the base.
• For Example
• NaOH ? Na OH-
• 0.03 M 0.03M 0.03 M

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Strong Bases

• NaOH, KOH, LiOH, RbOH, CsOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2,
  Sr(OH)2
• Strong bases completely ionized in water.

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Strong versus Weak Acids/Bases
The strength of an acid (or base) is determined
by the amount of IONIZATION.
HNO3, HCl, H2SO4 and HClO4 are among the only
known strong acids.
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Categorizing Acids/Bases Weak versus Strong

• Weak acids and bases do not completely ionize in
  water.
• Strong acids and bases completely ionize in
  water.

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Acids and Bases Theories
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Arrhenius Acids and Bases

• Acids produce H ions (or hydronium ions H3O)
• Bases produce OH- ions
• (problem some bases dont have hydroxide ions!)

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Arrhenius acid is a substance that produces H
(H3O) in water
Arrhenius base is a substance that produces OH-
in water
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Brønsted Lowry Acids and Bases

• Acids proton donor
• Bases proton acceptor
• A proton is really just a hydrogen atom that
  has lost its electron!

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A Brønsted-Lowry acid is a proton donor A
Brønsted-Lowry base is a proton acceptor
conjugate base
conjugate acid
acid
base
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Bronsted-Lowry Definition

• a. NH3(g) H3O(aq) ? NH4(aq)
  H2O
• b. CH3OH(l) NH2-(aq) ? CH3O-(aq)
  NH3(g)
• c. OH-(aq) H3O(aq) ? H2O H2O

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Lewis Acids and Bases

• Lewis acid - a substance that accepts an electron
  pair

Lewis base - a substance that donates an electron
pair
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The pH Scale
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Calculating pH and pOH

• pH -log H pOH -log OH-

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pH
H
OH-
pOH
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Neutralization

• Acid Base
• Ex
• HCl NaOH ? NaCl H2O
• HNO3 KOH ? KNO3 H2O
• Neutralizations always result in a ________ and
  __________.

salt
water
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Base Ex.
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Closing

• Acid, Base, or Both?

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Slippery
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Soap
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Tastes sour
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Ca(OH)2
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Conducts electricity
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Corrosive to skin
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Examples include citrus fruits.
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H2SO4
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HNO3
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Forms the H3O ion when dissolved in water
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Ionizes in water.
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HCl
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Litmus paper turns red
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Forms the OH ion when dissolved in water
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pH lt 7
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pH gt 7
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Baking soda
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Bitter taste
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NaOH