Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry

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Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry

• Topic 10.1

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• functional groups are the reactive part of
  molecules
• they determine the class of chemical being
  referred to
• see hand out giving
• class functional group suffix general
  formula - example

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The following three slides are really not
necessary anymore.See the hand out given in class
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Compounds up to 6 carbon atoms with functional
groups
Functional Group Formula Structural Formula
Alcohol -OH - O H
Aldehyde -COH (on the end of a chain) O - C H
Ketone -CO- (cant be on end of chain) O - C
Carboxylic Acid -COOH (on the end of a chain) O - C O H
Halide -Br, -Cl, -F, -I - X
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Compounds up to 6 carbon atoms with functional
groups
Functional Group Formula Suffix (or Prefix)
Alcohol -OH -ol
Aldehyde -COH -al
Ketone -CO- -one
Carboxylic Acid -COOH -oic acid
Halide -Br, -Cl, -F, -I bromo-,chloro-, fluoro-,iodo-
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Alcohols suffix -ol
propan-1-ol
propan-2-ol
2-methyl propan-2-ol
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Aldehydes suffix -al
propanal Note an aldeyhde group is always on
an end carbon so dont need a number butandianal
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Ketones suffix -one
propanone (dont need C with only three
carbons) butanone (dont need C, only four
carbons) penta-2-one
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butandione
pentan-3-one
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Butan-2-one
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Carboxylic Acids suffix -oic acid
butanoic acid Note a carboxyl is always on an
end carbon propandioic acid
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Halogenalkanes prefixes fluoro, chloro,
bromo, iodo
1-bromopropane 2-chlorobutane 1,2-diiodoethane
1,2-difluoroethene 1,2-difluoroethene 1,1,2-trif
luoroethene
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Esterssuffix -oate

• two chains interrupted by an oxygen
• one chain is based on the chain containing the
  single bonded O
• this chain come first in the name
• the other chain is based on the chain including
  the carbonyl group.
• this chain has the ending oate on it

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Ethers
You should know ethers for IB but Im not going
to test you on it. http//www.chem.ucalgary.ca/co
urses/351/orgnom/ethers/ethers-01.html
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Identify primary, secondary and tertiary carbon
atoms in alcohols (-OH) and halogenoalkanes (-F,
-Cl, -Br, -I)

• with reference to the carbon that is directly
  bonded to a hydroxyl or a halogen
• Primary carbon atom is only bonded to one other
  carbon
• Secondary carbon atom is bonded to two other
  carbons
• Tertiary carbon atom is bonded to three other
  carbons

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Aromatic hydrocarbons

• contain a benzene ring
• the name of the class come from the fact that
  many of them have strong, pungent aromas
• an unsaturated carbon where the double bonds
  resonate back and forth with the single bonds

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• physical evidence for its structure
• benzene crystallizes when cooled
• analysis of this showed that all six C-C bonds
  had identical lengths (140 pm)
• this allows the molecule to be symmetrical
  instead of the different lengths associated with
  singe (154 pm) and double (134 pm)
• chemical evidence for its structure
• does not react as other unsaturated carbons do
  when adding hydrogen (hydrogenation) to them
• Richard Thornley 10.1 (start at 320)

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• I dont think the following slides are in Topic
  10 anymore. However, they should look familiar
  from Topic 4 since it is still relevant to the
  class.

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Discuss the volatility and solubility in water of
compounds

• Volatility how easily a substance turns into a
  gas
• the stronger the intermolecular force, the less
  volatile it is
• ionic hydrogen bonding dipole-dipole van
  der Walls
• therefore volatility from highest to lowest
• alkane (only Van der Walls) halogenoalkane
  aldehyde ketone amine alcohol (H bonding)
  carboxylic acid (H bonding)

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Boiling Points
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• Solubility a solutes ability to dissolve in a
  polar solvent (water)
• the more polar a substance is, the more soluble
  it is
• solubility decreases as chain length increases
• smaller alcohols, aldehydes, ketones carboxylic
  acids are typically soluble
• they are all polar as is water

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