Title: Ancient Greece
1Ancient Greece
2Geography
- Not a River civilization
- Short swift rivers
- Only 20 of land suitable for farming
- Mountainous
- Both protects and isolates Greece
- Makes foreign invasion difficult
- Also limits travel and communication among
city-states - Long irregular coastline
- No part of Greece more than 85 miles from the
coast
3- Greece
- No single political system
- Most oligarchies
- City states not a single country
- Independent and competing
- Constant conflict between Greek city states and
others - Trade very important
- Land is limited so always looking for ways to
ease the overcrowding and gain raw materials - Colonies
- Need for strong military but communication,
transportation important
4Minoans
- Early civilization on Island of Crete
- Remains found around 1900 AD by Sir Arthur Evans
- Palace
- Located at Knossos
- Labyrinth (maze)
- Mural
- Fun loving people
- Dancers, sports
- and Bull leaping
5Legend of Minotaur
- King Minos Pasiphae
- Receive a gift of a white bull from Poseidon
- Minotaur
- Half man, half bull
- Every year Athens required to send 7 boys and 7
girls as tribute to King Minos - Theseus
- Son of King Aegeus who vows to stop the tribute
by killing the Minotaur - Ariadne the daughter of King Minos falls for
Theseus and assists him in killing of the
Minotaur by giving him a sword and a ball of
twine - Kills the Minotaur
6Collapse
- Minoan civilization will collapse
- Mystery
- Historians believe it may have been destroyed by
- Tidal waves
- invasion
7Mycenaean
- Settle in Greece around 2000 BC
- Warlike
- Believed to invade the Minoan civilization
- Adapted Minoan culture
- Writing system
- Most famous military exploit- Troy
- 10 year seize
- Told in Homer story of the Iliad and Odyssey
8Troy
- Historians thought stories of Troy were totally
fictional - 1870 Heinrich Schliemann claims to have found the
ancient city in Turkey
9Dorians
- Defeated the Mycenaeans
- Less advanced
- Historians call the next 300 years the Dark Ages
- Lost skills- writing and crafts
- Thousands of Greeks will flee to Ionia on Asia
Minor
10Ionians
- Will reintroduced culture, crafts and skills to
Greece - Hellenic civilization will emerge
11Religion
- Polytheism
- 12 most important Gods live on Mount Olympus
- Humanized their Gods
- No animal forms- totally human
- Behave like humans
- Wanted Gods that they could bargain with
- Did not Believe in life after Death
12Olympics
- Held every 4 years to honor Zeus- Father of Gods
- Sporting events
- Men only-
- Emphasis individual rather than team sports
- Foot race, broad jump, discus throwing
- Winners received wreaths of olive leaves
13Greek City States
- Base political unit
- Common characteristics
- Small size
- Polis- city and surrounding countryside
- Small population
- Public meeting place
- Acropolis-
- Fortified hill at center of city
- Where temples to local gods stood
- Agora
- Public square
- Political center of polis
- Where merchants and artisans conducted business
14Political Structures
- Monarchy
- Ruled by a king
- Hereditary
- Some claim divine right
- Practice in Mycenae
15Political Structures
- Aristocracy
- Stated ruled by nobility
- Rule is hereditary and based on land ownership
- Social status and wealth support rulers
authority - Practice in Athens (594 BC)
16Political Structures
- Oligarchy
- Stated rule by a small group of citizens
- Rule is based on wealth
- Ruling group control by military
- Practiced in Sparta
17Political Structures
- Direct Democracy
- State ruled by its citizens
- Rule is based on citizenship
- Majority rule decides vote
- Practice in Athens (461 BC)
18Athens
- Locate on Attica
- 5miles from sea
- Special port city of Piraeus
- Name after God Athena
- Parthenon
19Citizenship
- Originally citizenship
- only to men who father and maternal grandfather
had been citizens - Had to have land
- 507 B.C. Constitution
- All free Athenians born men citizens
- Regardless of class or land ownership
20Athenian government
- All equal before the law
- Freedom of Speech
- Believed that all citizens were capable of
holding public office - Jury system
- Had between 201-1001 members
- Majority rule
- Large- hard to threaten or bribe that many members
21Ostracism
- Athena system for removing bad politicians
- Each year citizen write the name of undesirable
politicians - If name appears 6,000 times- he could be exile
22Athenian Education
- Education at Agora
- Main textbook Iliad and Odyssey
- Rhetoric
- Art of public speaking
23Greek Golden Age
- 500-350 BCE
- Philosophy
- Truth through rational thought and deliberate
observation - Process not findings are the key
- Many findings proved erroneous
- Precedent
- Seek knowledge for its own sake
- Nature became focus
- More orderly than gods
- Truth through human examination not religious
ritual - Laid the foundation for history, biology,
political science and logic
24Socrates
- Seek answers by asking questions
- Socratic method
- Skeptical about conventional methods of teaching
- Convicted for corrupting youth
- Committed suicide
25Plato
- Athenian aristocrat who was taught by Socrates
- Academy
- Record teachings of Socrates
- Republic
- Prefer Spartan form of government over Democracy
26Aristotle
- Student of Plato
- Author of over 200 books
- Help to develop the scientific method
- Based on logic, observation and experimentation
- Politics
- Believed the ideal form of government was a
balance of monarchy, aristocracy and democracy - Preferred the power to rest with middle class
because they know how to command and to obey
27Architecture
- Pillars
- Doric
- Ionic
- Corinthian
- Statutes
- Accurate in anatomy
28Scientists
- Euclid
- Father of Geometry
- Hippocrates
- Father of medicine
- Hippocratic oath
- First to say that medicine is different from
religion - Eratosthenes
- Estimate the circumference of earth within 1
- Aristarchus
- Sun larger than earth
- Earth and planets revolve around the sun
29Historians
- Herodotus
- Father of History
- Separate fact from legend
- Check reliability of his sources
- Thucydides
- First scientific historian
- Completely reject idea that gods played a part in
human history - Not only recite facts but gave explanations
30Sparta
- Located on Peloponnesus
- Descendants of Dorians
- Becomes a military state after Helots rebel
- Helots- slaves
- Lack natural barriers for protection
- City did not have a wall
- Like to boast they had a wall of men to protect
the city
31Spartan Life
- Revolves around the military
- Infants examined at birth to determine health
- Unhealthy infants left on hillside to died
- Boys separated at age of 7 to start military
training and will be in the military until the
age of 60
32Spartan Government
- Rule by two Kings
- Had very little power
- Ephors
- 5 men who unlimited power to act as guardians of
the state
33Sparta
- Will lag behind other Greek city-states in
economic development - Shun trade, philosophy, science and arts
- Use iron bars instead of coins for currency
- Will be exceptional at Olympics
- Key players in defending Greece against invaders
34Persian Empire
- Persia strongest military power in ancient world
- Will want to extend its influence into Europe
- Greek city states will cooperate with each other
to stop the Persians
35Persian Wars
- First Persian War
- Ionia (Asia Minor) was revolting against Persian
rule - Ionia ask for aid from Athens who agrees
- After Ionia fails to win its independence, Persia
decides Athens must be punished. - Never made it to Greece because of major storm
destroying part of the Persian fleet
36Persian War
- Second Persian War
- Persian King decides on direct attack on Athens
- Battle of Marathon
- Persians greatly outnumber the Greek forces
- Greeks trick the Persians and catch them off
guard - Greeks win
- Pheidippides runs 26 miles to tell of victory and
then dies from exhaustion
37Persian War
- Third Persian War
- 10 years later Persian King Xerxes wants revenge
- Invades Greece with extremely large army
- Oracle
- person who speaks with the Gods
- Stated that Greece would be safe behind a wooden
wall - Athenian General Themistocles believed the wooden
wall was a fleet of ships
38Third Persian War
- To stall for time the Spartans try to delay the
Persians at Thermopylae - Sparta-300 against Persian 7000
- Spartans held on for 3 days before they were
betrayed by a Greek - Persian march toward Athens but will find the
city deserted. - Themistocles pretend to be a traitor and told
Persians that they could capture the Greeks at
Salamis
39Third Persian War
- Greek fleet smaller and more maneuverable in the
narrow straits will destroy the Persian fleet as
Xerxes looks on. - Final battle at Plataea
- Athens now considered savior of Greece
40Delian League
- Athens persuade other city states to join Delian
league - Purpose to protect Greece
- Sparta refuse to join
- Many city-states become upset with Athens
- Resent Athens domination
- Athens spends funds on the Parthenon instead of
ships
41Pericles
- Leader of Athens during the Golden Age
- 3 Goals for Athens
- Stronger democracy
- Athenian Empire
- Glorifying Athens
42Peloponnesian War
- Sparta vs. Athens
- Neither side could win the victory
- Athens will retreat behind their walls
- 430 BC a plague will hit Athens wiping out 1/3 of
their population - Sparta wins
- Sparta will take over leadership of Greece but
will be even worse than Athens - Leaves Greece open to outside invasion
43Philip II of Macedonia
- Philip II
- Had spent time in Greece as a hostage
- Admire both Greek culture and military
organization - Goal of unifying Greek city states under
Macedonian rule - Demosthenes- an Athenian orator appeal for the
Greeks to united and fight for liberty - Philip II conquers all of Greece except Sparta
44Alexander the Great
- Inherits his father (Philip II) kingdom
- Had been tutor by Aristotle
- Understands the Greeks
- Beginning of the Hellenistic Culture
- Mixed the Greek culture with elements of Middle
Eastern culture - Alexander will go on to conquer areas in Egypt,
Persia and India - Creating the worlds largest empire
45- Greece and Rome important because
- Western Civilization as we know it today began
with these two empires - Most important contributions were
- Concept of representative government
- Art, architecture, literature, science and
philosophy
46Rome
47Geography
- Center of Mediterranean Sea
- Center of trade for 3 continents
- Europe- Africa-Asia
- Mountains and foothills cover ¾ of peninsula
- Rivers short and shallow- forms swamps
48Etruscans
- Rule between 900-500 BCE
- Not able to decipher the writing
- Art
- Will greatly improve Rome
- Drain marshland
- Built with Brick
- Establish the Forum
- Center of Rome- seat of Government
- Later Etruscans kings will be cruel
- Resulting in a mistrust and hatred for the
position of KIng
49Legend of Rome
- Romulus and Remus
- Virgil
- 7 hills of Rome
50Patricians Plebeians
- Patricians
- Wealthy aristocratic
- 5 of population
- Plebeians
- Townspeople, landowners, merchants, shopkeepers
farmers, laborers - 95 of Population
- Both Patricians and Plebeians were citizens
- Had right to vote
- Responsibility of taxes, military service
- But only Patricians could hold public office
51Roman Government
- Republic
- Community in which people elect their leaders
- Senate
- 300 Patricians
- Life term
- Advise consuls, debate foreign policy
- Proposed laws
- Consul
- Two Patricians
- One year Term
- Veto over each other
- Dictator
- Chosen in time of crisis-- temporary
- No one including the Senate could overrule
52Tribunes
- Plebeians resent their lack of power
- Refused to fight in Roman army until given a
representation - Tribune
- Granted plebeians legal protection
- Veto
- Eventually will improve Plebeians social status
- Enslavement for debt ended
- Marriage between Patricians and Plebeians allowed
53Law
- Most significant plebeian victory was the
creation of a written code of law - Twelve Tables establish principles of law
- Person innocent until proven guilty
- Actions are punishable not thoughts
- All citizens have the right to protection of
under law - Engraved on 12 bronze tablets and display in
Forum
54Military
- Romans successful in war due to strong military
- Roman soldiers called Legionaries
- Established coloniae strategic heights and river
crossings - To link the coloniae will built roads
- Most famous called the Appian Way
55Punic Wars
- Three wars fought between Rome and Carthage over
control of the Mediterranean - Hannibal-
- Carthage general will try to invade Rome through
Alps using Elephants - Will spend years trying to get the Romans to come
out and fight only to have the Romans invade the
city of Carthage . Hannibal will return home and
be defeated - Cato
- Roman Senator who for no real reason decides to
beat up on Carthage - Ends every speech with Carthago delenda est
- Carthage must be destroy
56Discontent in Rome
- Roman will have a large number of urban, landless
unemployed people due to slave labor - To keep them in line will offer
- Bread and circus
- free food and cheap entertainment
- Spartacus
- Slave revolt
- Defeat 9 separate Roman armies
57Julius Caesar
- Roman aristocratic- rose to power in 60 BC
through a triumvirate - Rule of three
- Pompey Crassus
- Will force the other two out and eventually
declare himself Dictator for life - Senate will fear his power and will assassinate
him in 44 BC - E tu Brutus
58Second Triumvirate
- Form to revenge Caesar assassination
- Octavian, Marc Antony and Marcus Lepidus
- Lepidus force out
- Marc Antony becomes involved with Cleopatra
- Octavian will use this to justify getting rid of
him - Marc Antony and Cleopatra navy defeated at
Actium, later will commit suicide - Octavian will take the title Augustus
59Roman Empire
- Will expand under Augustus and other emperors
- Pax Romana
- 200 years of relative peace
- More trade, higher standard of living, art
- Occurred about same time as the Pax Sinica
60Emperors
- Nero
- Played the lyre while City of Rome burn
- Trajan
- Extended the empire to its largest extent
- Hadrian
- Hadrians wall in Northern England
61Architecture
- Circus
- Racetrack for chariot races
- Pantheon
- Temple to the Gods
- Built out of concrete
- Coliuseum
- Chariot races, gladiators
- Aqueducts
- Artifcal channels for carrying water
62Language Literature
- Latin
- Romance language
- Ovid
- Metamorphoses
- Virgil
- Aeneid
- Tacitus
- Germania
63Religion
- Early Roman religion worship natural spirits
- Later will adopt Greeks Gods
- Change names
- 6 CE Judah will become part of Roman Empire
- Rename it Judea
- Will allow the Jews to practice their religion
- But will treat them cruelly
- Romans opposed Christians because they would not
worship the Roman Gods - 66 CE Jews will rebel resulting in Romans
destroying the temple and forcing the Jews to
scatter from Jerusalem
6430 BC. Jesus of Nazareth
- Roman concern about his teachings
- Roman Governor Pontius Pilate arrested Jesus as a
political rebel and crucified him - Christianity will continue to spread
65- Roots
- Judaism
- Teachings of John the Baptist, Jesus, and
apostles - Earliest converts were Jews who did not think
they were breaking away from Hebrew Law - Early Christians wished to be considered Jews
- Jewish religion officially recognized by Roman
government and its adherents had certain
privileges
66- Based on belief that Jesus is the Christ/Messiah,
the son of God - One of Trinity
- God the Father, Son, Holy Spirit
- Teachings
- In Gospels
- 12 disciples
- Death at 33
- By believing in Jesus, his followers will go to
Heaven at their death - Bible is Word of God
- Holy daysChristmas Easter
67Why did Christianity Spread?
- Embraced all people
- Promise of eternal life
- Road system encourage exchange of ideas
68Constantine
- End persecution of Christians
- Issued the Edict of Milan
- Decreed that all religious groups in empire were
free to worship as they please
69Augustine
- City of God
- First history of humanity from a Christian point
of view
70Theodosius
- Made Christianity the official religion of the
Roman Empire 392 BC
71Church Structure
- Priest
- Bishop
- Patriarchs
- Rome, Constantinople, Alexandra, Antitoch
Jerusalem - Bi
72Changes in the Roman Empire
- Diocletian
- Recognize that the empire too large for one to
oversee - Divides the empire into two administrative units
- Constantine
- Move the capital to Eastern empire
- Rename Byzantium Constantinople
- Theodosius
- Will that the empires should be separated at his
death - Eastern empire Byzantine Empire
- Western empire- Roman Empire
73Legacy of Rome
- Architecture
- Engineering
- Law
- Language
74Fall of Classical Empires 200-600 CE
- Decline of Han, Gupta and Roman Empires
75Why civilizations fall?
- External
- War
- Natural disaster
- Disease
- Internal
- Overpopulation
- Economic problems
- Social disruption
- Political struggles
76How do civilizations collapse?
- Population size and density decrease dramatically
- Society tends to become less politically
centralized - Less investment is made in things such as
architecture, art, and literature - Trade and other economic activities are greatly
diminished - The flow of information among people slows
- The ruling elites may change, but usually the
working classes tend to remain and provide
continuity
77Is it possible to prevent collapse?
- Every society must
- answer basic biological needs of its members
- food, drink, shelter, and medical care.
- provide for production and distribution of goods
and services - perhaps through division of labor, rules
concerning property and trade, or ideas about
role of work).
78- provide for reproduction of new members and
consider laws and issues related to reproduction - regulation, marriageable age, number of children,
and so on. - provide for training of individuals so that they
can become functioning adults in society. - education, apprenticeship, passing on of values
79- provide for maintenance of internal and external
order - laws, courts, police, wars, diplomacy.
- provide meaning and motivation to its members
80Comparisons of Fall Classical Empires
Han Western Rome Gupta
Time of Fall 220 CE 476 CE 550 CE
Economic Scholar officials were often exempt from taxes Peasant often fled from tax collectors Result of severe reduction of tax revenue which cripple the empire Long distance trade did decrease, but Chinese were self sufficient and were not severely hurt by this Rich landowning class often resisted paying their taxes When tax collectors approach- driven away by landowners private armies Church land not taxable As the empire declined , so did trade because of unsafe roads and because it relied on economic independence The drop in tax revenue and inflation cripple Romes economy The government had great difficulty raising enough taxes to pay the army to protect its borders
81Han Western Rome Gupta
Political The government was unable to check the power of the large private estates owners The emperor heavily relied on the advice of his court officials and was often misinformed for their personal gain The government had trouble finding bureaucrats that could enforce the laws Power struggles for the throne plagued the empire From 235-284 CE, 25 out of 26 Emperors died a violent death The division of the empire into two sections allowed the eastern portion to remain stronger, while the western portion weaken The regional powers of the Guptas allowed them to keep much of their administrative power They eventually grew more powerful than the central government
82Han Western Rome Gupta
Social The population increase led to smaller family plots and increased difficulty of the peasant class to pay taxes Plagues dramatically reduced the population, in particular the farming population Upper class more pleasure seeking Loss of morals
Role of Nomadic Invasions The Xiongnu invaded, but only after the empire had already fallen Nomadic invasions took place because the empire was no longer providing them with what they needed The Roman army could not defend against the movement of such nomadic groups as the Ostrogoths, Huns and Visigoths. Rome was sacked by the Visigoths in 476 BC The government was too weak to defend against the nomadic invasions of the White Huns
83- All the Classical societies entered a period of
recovery where they were all decentralized
following the collapse - But western half of the Roman Empire experience
the most severe collapse. Why? - Rome was economically interdependent and the
decline in trade severely hurt the economy - Continual waves of nomadic invasions made
recovery difficult - The spread of disease led to a decrease in
population and a weakened empire
84Trade
85Role of Trade in Classical Societies
- Long distance trade greatly expanded
- Allow for the movement of ideas and goods
- Factors
- Han Empire secured trade routes through Central
Asia - The Mauryan Empire had decline in India
- But Regional states were able to provide the
necessary stability and security - Romans kept Mediterranean Sea safe for trade and
travel which will allow long-distance trade - Source-- Kaplan
86Silk Roads
- Originated during a diplomatic mission to Central
Asian nomads during the Han Empire - Diplomatic mission failed, but silk and horses
big hit - Almost never did one merchant make the entire
journey - Travel in caravans in stages- one oasis to next
- Buddhism spread along trade route
87Goods that Traveled
- Glassware
- Jewelry
- Bronze goods
- Wool and linen
- Olive oil
- Gold and silver bullion
- Silk
- Spices
- Cotton
- Pearls
- Coral
- Ivory
88Indian Ocean
- Sometimes refer to as the Sea lanes of Silk Roads
- west from Guangzhou in Southern China South
China Sea Southeast Asia India
Arabian Sea Persian Gulf
89Indian Ocean
- Principles players in trade was Malay and Indian
sailors - Religion and culture spread
- Merchants spread Buddhism to Southeast Asia
- Others promoted the Hindu cults of Shiva and
Vishnu
90Mediterranean Sea
- Often refer to as Roman Lake
- Because the Roman Empire surrounded the sea
- Sea trade flowed from Syria Spain
North Africa - Romans kept lake free and safe from pirates
- Allowed trade to thrive and grow
- Transport goods from one part of empire to the
other
91Roman Trade Routes
92Political Imprint
- Greece and India left a political imprint that
was primarily decentralized based on local
identity - Rome and Chinas imprint was that of an imperial
centralized state
93Spread of Disease
- 2nd and 3rd century Han and Roman suffered large
scale outbreaks of epidemic disease - Result of trade and interaction
- Smallpox, measles, bubonic plague
- No immunity or medicine
- Roman lost 25 of population
- Higher rate in Cities
- Caused great economic and social change
- Trade declined and economies become more
regional focus
94Comparative Role of Women in Religion
Religion Role of Women
Buddhism Women could achieve nirvana An alternative lifestyle was available for women as nuns in a monastery
Christianity Men and women were equal in eyes of God Women could go to heaven Many early converts were women Women could live in convents
Confucianism Men were superior to women One of the five key relationships is that of husband and wife
Hinduism Men were superior to women Women were not allowed to read the sacred prayers, the Vedas In order to reach moksha, one must be a male Brahmin
95Women Status in Ancient Societies
Rome/Greece India China
Strict patriarchal social divisions Strict patriarchal -Caste system Strict Confucian social order and guidelines for virtuous behavior
Little land ownership Women were not allowed to inherit property Only sons inherit property
High literacy among upper class Forbidden to read sacred texts Upper classes educated in arts and literature and all educated in virtues
Spartan women were citizens Not allowed to be citizens Not allowed to be citizens
Women could own business (especially women) Needed large dowry and no remarriage for widows Arranged marriages though widows were permitted to remarry
Women could be priestessess or later nuns Women could not achieve moksha Buddhist convents and Daoism balance male and female