Skeletal System Overview

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Skeletal System Overview

• Biology 2121
• Chapter 7

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Study Guide Notes

• 1. You are responsible for any bone covered in
  the lab.
• Bone location
• General function(s) of bone
• 2. PP Notes
• 3. Review/Objective Notes

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Introduction

• Skeletal System
• Axial vs. Appendicular
• Number of Bones
• Functions
• 1. Support
• 2. Mineral and Lipid storage
• 3. Hematopoiesis
• 4. Protection
• 5. Leverage

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Axial Skeleton The Skull

• Skull
• 22 facial and cranial bones
• Cranium
• (8) cranial bones
• Thin, formed by intermembranous processes
• Protection attachment site for head and neck
  muscles
• Encases the brain
• 2. Bones are held together by sutures
• Coronal, saggitial, squamous, lambdoid
• 3. Facial Bones
• (14) facial bones
• Functions

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Vertebral Column

• (26) bones total
• 7 Cervical 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar sacrum and
  coccyx
• Curvature
• 2. Attachments
• Longitudinal ligaments
• Ligamentum flavum
• 3. Discs
• Gelatinous collagen and fibrocartilage
• Compressible
• 4. Structure and Differences
• Differences between cervical, thoracic and lumbar
  sections

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Sacrum and Coccyx

• 1. Sacrum
• (5) fused vertebrae
• Sacral foramina
• Sacral nerves BVs
• Sacral canal
• Continuation of vertebral canal
• Forms joint with hip bones (sacroilliac joint)
• 2. Coccyx
• (4) fused vertebrae
• Mostly useless

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Thoracic Cage

• 1. Function
• Protects heart, lungs, blood vessels
• Supports shoulder girdles, upper limbs,
  attachments for muscles
• 2. Sternum
• Attachment site for clavicles (clavicular notch)
• Xiphoid process ossifies around 40
• Hematopoiesis
• 3. Ribs
• (12) pairs (7)-True (5)-False Last pair
  Floating
• Joined by costal cartilage

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Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral Girdle

• Pectoral Shoulder
• Attach upper limbs to axial skeleton muscle
  attachment
• Clavicles
• Articulates with scapulae and sternum
• Anchor muscles (deltoid pectoralis major) brace
  arms and shoulder
• 3. Scapulae
• spade or shovel
• Coracoid process (biceps coracobrachialis)
• Acromioclavicular joint

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Upper, Lower Arm - Hand

• Humerus
• Tubercles (rotator cuff muscles) deltoid
  tuberosity (deltoid)
• Condyles (capitulum and trochlea)
• Epicondyles (muscle attachments)
• 2. Ulna and Radius
• Ulna (elbow joint)
• Radius (radial tuberosity biceps)
• 3. Carpus-Metacarpus-Phalanges
• 8-carpal bones

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Pelvic (Hip) Girdle

• 1. Os coxae (hip bones)
• Form pelvic girdle
• Pelvic girdle sacrum coccyx bony pelvis
• Ilium Ischium and Pubis
• 2. Male vs. Female
• Male cavity is narrow deep less tilt heavier
  
• Female broad cavity lighter acetabula farther
  apart
• 3. Female and Childbirth
• True pelvis (inlet and outlet) important for
  childbirth

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Lower Limbs

• 1. Femur
• Largest, longest, strongest bone in the human
  body
• Trochanters (thigh and buttock muscles)
• Epicondyles
• Patella
• 2. Tibia and Fibula
• Tibia transfers weight of femur to foot distal
  tibia articulates with talus of foot medial
  malleolus (ankle)
• Fibula not weight bearing muscular attachments

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Foot

• 1. Tarsus
• (7) tarsal bones
• talus ankle bone calcaneous heel
• Cuboid, navicular and cuneiform bones
• 2. Metatarsus and Phalanges
• (14) phalanges