Groat (= 4 pennies)

1
Groat ( 4 pennies)
Penny ( roughly a days wage for a
laborer contains about .0347 troy oz. of silver)
Farthing ( ¼ penny)
2
EDWARD D G REX ANGLIA FRANC D HIB (Edward, by
Gods grace King of England France Lord of
Hibernia)
Outer POSVI DEUM ADIVTOREM ME (I have made God
my helper) Inner CIVITA EBORACI (City of York)
3
A carter and his horse (Cambridge, Trinity Hall
MS 12 f. 81b from Kolve, Chaucer and the Imagery
of Narrative II)
4
Pushing a wagon, from the Luttrell Psalter (early
14th c.)
5
The Virgin of Mercy c. 1480 Museum of Fine
Arts, Budapest
6
Types of Clergy in the Middle Ages Secular
(from L. saeculum, the world in Church
Latin) Clerics who live in the world rather
than in monastic withdrawal canons, parish
priests, cathedral clergy, etc. Regular (from L.
regula, rule) Monastic orders bound by a rule,
i.e., monks (Benedictines, Cistercians,
Augustinians, etc.) Mendicant (from L.
mendicare, to beg) The four orders of friars
and their associated orders Franciscans (St.
Francis, 1209/1220s) a.k.a. Grey Friars
Friars Minor/Minorites Dominicans (St. Dominic,
1216) a.k.a. Black Friars Augustinians
(1256) a.k.a. Austin Friars Carmelites
(1226) a.k.a. White Friars, Jacobites
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Carmelites Augustinians (Austin
Friars) Iacobites (Dominicans) Minorites
(Fransciscans)
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Wax tablets, Roman and medieval