BIOMES

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• BIOMES
• of
• the
• World

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Aquatic Biomes
Figure 50.15
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Stratification in Aquatic Biomes
Figure 50.16a, b
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Stratification in Aquatic Biomes

• Littoral Zone shallow area of lake only
  photic zone

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Stratification in Aquatic Biomes

• Limnetic Zone deep area of lake includes
  aphotic zone
• You can swim in the Lim and sit in the Lit

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Stratification in Aquatic Biomes

• Benthic Zone bottom of lake or ocean

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Stratification in Aquatic Biomes

• Photic Zone enough light for photosynthesisAphot
  ic Zone no light

Figure 50.16a, b
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Stratification in Aquatic Biomes

• Intertidal Zone shoreline fluctuation between
  high and low tide

Figure 50.16a, b
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Stratification in Aquatic Biomes

• Neritic Zone photic zone near shore Neritic is
  Near

Figure 50.16a, b
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Stratification in Aquatic Biomes

• Pelagic Zone deep zone includes aphotic

Figure 50.16a, b
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Stratification in Aquatic Biomes

• Abyssal Zone deepest part of ocean

Figure 50.16a, b
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Lakes and Ponds
Figure 50.17
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Lakes and Ponds Characteristics

• Lake vs. Pond - based on depth
• Description Body of water surrounded by land,
  less than 1 salt
• Vegetation Cattails, reeds, sedges, water
  lillies, algae

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• Animals Fish, crayfish, snails, water insects, a
  few mammals (otter, muskrat), waterfowl
• Importance Drinking water, food supplies
• VIDEO

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Oligotrophic vs. Eutrophic

• Oligo - little or few nutrients - low
  productivity due to few producers - high oxygen
  content - few organisms - clean and clear

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• Eu - nutrient rich - high productivity due to
  high number of producers - low oxygen content -
  many organisms - murky water

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• Mesotrophic - an oligo that is becoming a eu ?
  eutrophication

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• Eutrophication change of a lake due to increased
  nutrient content
• - due to influx of extra nutrients
• - usually due to erosion, run off of fertilizers
  from agriculture or animal poo
• - extra nutrients increase the activity of the
  producers

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• Natural long term build up of dead plants and
  animals increases nutrients
• Cultural increased nutrients due to human
  activity agriculture and industry

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• Impacts
• Algal blooms increased nitrogen and phosphorous
  stimulate algal growth
• Anoxia/Hypoxic low levels of oxygen due to
  increased decomposition of dead materials can
  lead to fish kills
• Eutrophication Animation

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Wetlands Swamps and Marshes
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Wetlands

• Marsh vs. Swamp Swamps have trees
• Characteristics soil is waterlogged and without
  oxygen for variable periods of time - lack of O2
  causes a large build up of organic material
• Vegetation grasses, reeds, sphagnum moss, trees
  and shrubs
• Animals beavers, otters, muskrats, game fish,
  lots of birds and insects
• IMPORTANCE Most biologically productive per
  square meter, filter water moving through them -
  detoxify water, control flooding

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Streams and rivers
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Streams and Rivers

• Characteristics Flowing water
• Streams tend to flow faster, are shallower, have
  less nutrients and less organisms
• Rivers are wider, deeper and thus slower - higher
  nutrients, less oxygen, more organisms - nutrient
  content increases the farther down stream/river
  from the head waters (beginning) moving toward
  the mouth (end)
• Vegetation In water algae, phytoplankton
• On bed of stream river (in photic zone), algae
  and aquatic plants
• On shore - various grasses, shrubs and trees
• Animals invertebrates (clams, mussels, snails,
  crayfish), insect larvae, fish, otters, muskrats,
  aquatic birds
• IMPORTANCE Water source, hydroelectric power,
  transportation

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Estuaries
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Estuaries

• Characteristics Where freshwater rivers meet the
  ocean - mixing of fresh and salt water
• - salinity fluctuates
• - plants and animals must be adapted
• - highly productive due to nutrient input from
  river, frequent mixing of water by ocean tides
  (circulates nutrients and waste) and large photic
  zone

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• Vegetation lots of plants - Mangroves (salt
  tolerant stilt-like roots, pg. 133)
• Animals fish, shellfish, birds
• IMPORTANCE control flooding- prevent wave surges
  from reaching inland - highly productive

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Intertidal zones
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Intertidal Zones

• Characteristics Transition between land and
  ocean - experience daily extremes of salinity,
  oxygen content and temperature due to changing
  tide
• Zones High tide area - exposed and dry during
  low tide Intertidal - between low and
  high tide,
• Low tide - always underwater

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• Vegetation dependent on zone
• High - little to none - some algae unless in a
  tide pool (low depression in rock or sand where
  water remains during low tide - experiences
  extremes in salinity and temperature)
• Intertidal - Algae with gummy coats to prevent
  them from drying out
• Low - Larger algae, kelp (brown algae), sea
  grass
• Animals usually have a mechanism to hold onto
  the substrata (rocks), mussels, snails,
  echinoderms (sea stars, sea urchins, sea
  cucumbers), some fish in low tide area, crabs,
  barnacles, worms
• IMPORTANCE Biologically productive, species rich

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Oceanic pelagic biome
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Ocean Pelagic Biome

• Characteristics Open ocean, about 3 salt
  content
• Vegetation mainly phytoplankton and algae, some
  sea grass and kelp
• Animals zooplankton, fish, jellyfish, whales,
  porpoises, sea turtles, penguins
• IMPORTANCE Most productive biome due to size
  (not per m2), food source (fish)

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Coral reefs
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Coral Reefs

• Characteristics Mounds of calcium carbonate
  secreted by coral, shallow, warm waters, nutrient
  poor
• Vegetation Algae (Zooxanthelle)
• Symbiosis Coral and Zooxanthelle
• Animals Coral, huge numbers of fishes,
  echinoderms, shellfish (8 of fish species in
  0.1 of earth)
• IMPORTANCE Biodiversity of Species, Very
  productive
• DANGERS Human pollution, river runoff (excess
  sediment and nutrients), over fishing, bleaching
• Dead Zones due to eutrophication

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Marine benthic zone
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Marine Benthic Zone

• Characteristics Bottom of the Ocean, may be in a
  photic zone in the shallows
• Neritic Zone Shallow benthic zone, PHOTIC,
  supports plant life (sea grass and kelp) and a
  wide variety of fish and invertebrates
• Abyssal Zone APHOTIC - deepest part of sea - no
  vegetation - hydrothermal vents
• Animals Decomposers, Very weird fish and
  invertebrates, tube worms, chemosynthetic
  bacteria
• IMPORTANCE Decomposition of dead materials,
  recycling on nutrients

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Climate and Terrestrial Biomes
Overlapping Areas of Biomes ECOTONE
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The distribution of major terrestrial biomes
Figure 50.19
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Tropical Rain forest
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Tropical Rain Forest

• Rainfall 200 400 cm/year
• Temperature 25 29 oC
• Vegetation Stratification, dense canopy,
  broadleaf evergreen trees
• Animals High animal diversity, usually smaller
  and adapted for life in canopy
• Seasonal Variations Little to none
• Other Characteristics Nutrient poor soil, high
  rate of decomposition and turn over, extremely
  high biodiversity, competition for light

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Layers of Tropical Rainforest
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Desert
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Desert

• Rainfall Less than 30 cm/year
• Temperature Wide variation both seasonally and
  daily (-30 to 50 oC)
• Vegetation Low, scattered, deeply rooted
  succulents (Cacti), dense root mats to absorb
  water, adapted to heat and low water
• Animals reptiles, insects, many nocturnal
• Seasonal Variations some have short wet periods
  plant growth fast and short

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Savanna
Figure 50.20
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Savanna

• Rainfall 76 150 cm/year
• Temperature Continually warm, 24 29 oC
• Vegetation Scattered trees (acacia), wide
  expanse of grasses, adapted to fires, deep roots
  
• Animals Hoofed mammals, zebras, giraffe, lions,
  hyenas
• Seasonal Variations Seasonal Drought
• Other Characteristics Frequent fires, location
  of the LION KING

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Chaparral
Figure 50.20
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Chaparral

• Rainfall 30 50 cm
• Temperature Fall, Winter, Spring ? 10 12 oC,
  Summer 30 oC
• Vegetation tough evergreen woody shrubs and
  small trees adapted to seasonal fires
• Animals Deer, goats, many small mammals,
  amphibians, birds and reptiles
• Seasonal Variations Summers are hot and dry,
  fall, winter and spring are cool and rainy

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Temperate grassland
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Temperate Grassland

• Rainfall Dry winters, Wet summers 30 to 100 cm
• Temperature Cold Winters (-10 oC), Hot summers
  (30 oC)
• Vegetation ummm.Grass
• Animals Large Grazers (buffalo), prairie dogs
• Seasonal Variations dry winters, wet summers
  Fire ecology

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Coniferous (Boreal) Forest or Taiga
Figure 50.20
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Coniferous (Boreal) Forest or Taiga

• Rainfall 30 70 cm with periodic drought some
  may receive up to 300 cm (Pacific North West)
• Temperature Cold, long winters (-70 oC in
  Siberia), summers may be hot (30 oC)
• Vegetation Cone bearing trees (pine, spruce,
  fir, hemlock), conical shape helps snow fall off
  so branches dont break
• Animals Moose, brown bears, Siberian tigers,
  lots of insects during summer
• Seasonal Variations Cold, harsh winters, warm
  summers

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Temperate broadleaf forest
Figure 50.20
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Temperate broadleaf forest

• Rainfall 70 200 cm
• Temperature 0 oC (winter) to 30 oC (summer)
• Vegetation Broadleaf Deciduous Trees (drop
  leaves in fall to prevent water loss in winter),
  conifers, shrubs and various grasses and
  herbaceous plants
• Animals Black bear, deer, squirrels, snakes,
  birds (migratory and permanent), insects
• Seasonal Variations Distinct seasons of fall,
  winter, spring and summer
• Other You live here

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Temperate Rainforest
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Temperate Rainforest

• Rainfall More than 125 cm, lots of fog
• Temperature Small amount of seasonal variation (
  3 18 oC) mild winters, cool summers
• Vegetation Conifers, lots of lichens and
  epiphytic plants
• Animals Squirrels, mule deer, elk, birds,
  amphibians and reptiles
• Seasonal Variations Mild differences in season
  due to location near coasts
• Other Low nutrient turnover due to low
  temperatures. Results in a high accumulation of
  biological detritus on forest floor

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Tundra
TUNDRA
Figure 50.20
Denali National Park, Alaska, in autumn
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Tundra

• Rainfall 20 60 cm
• Temperature Long cold winters (-30 oC), Short
  cool summers (10 oC)
• Vegetation Herbaceous (non-woody), dwarf shrubs
  and trees, lichens, moss, grasses
• Animals Ox, caribou, reindeer, Santa Claus,
  Bears, wolves, foxes, lots of insects in summer
• Seasonal Variations Short growing period
• OTHER Contains permanent layer of frozen soil
  call PERMAFROST