Chapter 2:The Science of Biology

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Chapter 2The Science of Biology

• Applied Biology
• Mrs. Musselman

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2.1 Science as Inquiry Observation

• Biology The study of Life
• Science a way to answer questions about the
  natural world
• Science as Inquiry
• People are constantly asking questions about what
  they observe in nature and investigating to find
  answers.
• (Example Why do plants grow toward light?)

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2.1 Science as Inquiry Observation

• Observations- made using our 5 senses and tools
  such as microscopes, telescopes, etc.
• Data- recorded observations
• Qualitative Data descriptions, sketches, photos
• Quantitative Data numerical measurements

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Metrics!!!!

• Use this conversion chart to complete the
  practice worksheet. (Hint move the decimal point)

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Measuring and Graphing!!!!

• Unit amount used to measure something
• Mass amount of stuff/matter in something
• Volume amount of space something takes up
• Meter basic unit of length or distance
• (tool meter stick or ruler)

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Measuring and Graphing (cont.)

• Liter basic unit of liquid volume
• (tool graduated cylinder or beaker)
• Gram basic unit of mass
• (tool scale)
• Degrees Celcius basic unit for measuring the
  temperature (amount of heat) in something

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Measuring Graphing (cont.)
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Measuring Graphing (cont.)

• Construct a bar graph using the class shoe size
  information collected.
• X axis
• Y axis

DATA
Shoe Size Students
6 or lower
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8
9
10
11 or higher
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Title








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Warm-Up

• What tool(s) are used to measure
• Liquid Volume?
• Mass?
• Length?
• Temperature?

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Inferences in Science

• Inference logical conclusion based on
  observations and prior knowledge
• DEMO?

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Warm - Up

• Come up with an example of and INFERENCE.
• You may use your notes to help you BUT YOU MAY
  NOT USE the examples we did in class (doorbell or
  gold credit card).
• You will be asked to share your example with the
  class so maybe you want to write it down.

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Doorbell An Everyday Inference

• You hear the doorbell ring.What do you think?

Inference Someone is at the door (prior
knowledge tells you that whenever the doorbell
has rang in the past, someone was there)
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2.2 Hypothesis-Based Science

• Science RARELY follows the exact steps of the
  scientific method!!!
• The hypothesis is important!!!
• People use Hypothesis-Based Science every day to
  solve problems
• Example Flashlight doesnt work dead
  batteries?
• Band aids
• The Stuff of Genius - Velcro - YouTube

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Review Put the steps of the scientific method
in order

• ____ question
• ____ test/Experiment
• ____ hypothesis
• ____ observation
• ____ prediction

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Hypothesis

• Hypothesis suggested answer to a well-defined
  scientific question
• Often based on past experiences prior Knowledge
• Only useful if it can be tested

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Experimentation

• Variable condition that can change within an
  experiment
• Independent Variable Its what your testing the
  effects of (ex. Humidity, tem.)
• Dependent Variable Data being collected
  (depends on independent)
• Constant factor that stays the same for all
  experimental groups in experiment
• Controlled Experiment tests the effects of only
  a single indep. variable at a time.

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Control Group vs. Experimental Group

• Control group does NOT have the variable being
  tested
• The standard for comparison
• Experimental group has the variable being
  tested
• Controlled Experiment Video

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Sample Experiment

• You hypothesize that sunlight is beneficial to
  plant growth because you noticed that your
  houseplants seem to grow well in the window.
• You get two groups of plants (3 in each group).
  One group is placed under a grow light and the
  other is placed inside a dark cabinet for 1 week.
  You water both groups of plants 3 ml of water
  every day and both groups are kept at 23 degrees
  Celsius all week. At the end of the week you
  measure the height of the plants in each group to
  arrive at a conclusion.

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Sample Experiment

• Identify the
• Observations (for hypothesis)
• Independent variable
• Dependent variable
• Experimental group
• Control group
• Constants

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Warm-Up Please get out your Sponge Bob
Experiment 1 from yesterday and be ready to
answer the ?s below!!!

1. What is the difference between the independent
   variable and the dependent variable in an
   experiment?
2. How many indep. Variables does a good controlled
   experiment test at a time?
3. Write the steps of the hypothesis-based
   scientific method in order.

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2.3 Understanding Science

• Scientific Evidence
• Consists of many observations experiments that
  have been repeated many times and all yielded
  similar results.

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What makes a Hypothesis Scientific?

• Must be TESTABLE FALSIFIABLE
• Falsifiable Hypothesis can be proven wrong by
  an experiment if it is incorrect
• Must stand up to repeated experimental tests
  (including new technology tests)
• Example Fungi not related to plants (as once
  thought)

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Scientific Theories

• Theory a well-tested explanation that makes
  sense of a great variety of scientific evidence
• Example Cell Theory and Evolution
• Broader than hypotheses!!!!

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Models

• Model representation
• Not always exact replicasbut help simplify and
  explain

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Communication in Science

• Science is intensely social!
• Researchers share and publish data
• Driven by cooperation competition