Sovereign%20power%20or%20ultimate%20authority%20in%20the%20state%20rested%20in%20the%20hands%20of%20a%20king%20who%20claimed%20to%20rule%20by%20divine%20right%20

1
Age of Absolutism
1

• Sovereign power or ultimate authority in the
  state rested in the hands of a king who claimed
  to rule by divine right power from god

2
Themes
2

• During the 17c and 18c, Britain, France, Austria,
  Prussia, and Russia were able to establish or
  maintain a strong monarchy, standing army,
  efficient tax structures, large bureaucracy, and
  a more or less domesticated, divided or loyal
  nobility so that this period is known as the "Age
  of Absolutism."

3
Themes
3

• French culture and political power dominated
  Europe in the 17-18c.
• England and France experienced very different
  political and social developments in the late
  17c.

4
Themes
4

• One of the major reasons for the strong position
  of England from 1685-1763 lies in the supremacy
  of a parliament dominated by landowners and
  nobles of similar interests.  The 18c became
  known as the "Age of the Aristocracy". 
  Therefore, this supremacy of Parliament provided
  Britain with the kind of unity sought elsewhere
  through absolutism.

5
Themes
5

• This period saw the beginnings of two long-term
  conflicts--Britain and France over trade and
  overseas empires and Austria and Prussia over the
  leadership of Germany.

6
France Henry IV
6

• Bourbon Dynasty to end War of 3 Henries
• Edict of Nantes religious toleration
• Cut privileges of Fr. nobility
• Chicken in every pot well loved by citizens
• Murdered by catholic fanatic

7
Cardinal Richelieu
7
7

• Primary goal to strengthen French monarchy
• eliminated military/political rights of Huguenots
• used spies to uncover plots
• royal intendants to execute orders of gov
• increase taxes
• involved France in 30 Years War

8
Cardinal Mazarin - Louis XIV
8
8

• Put down the Fronde - revolts by nobility
• Died when Louis XIV 23
• Voltaire - period of 1661-1715 Age of Louis XIV
• Sun King - source of light for all his people
• I am the State

9
Administration Gov
9
9

• Large bureaucracy made up of lesser nobles and
  middle class
• distracted the upper nobility with life at
  Versailles

10
Religious Policy
10
10

• one King, one law, one faith
• Edict of Fontainbleau - revoked Nantes
• minority groups could lead to a divided nation
• Some 200,000 Huguenots flee France

11
Financial Issues
11
11

• Versailles, maintaing court, wars cost
• Jean-Baptiste Colbert - controller of finances
• mercantilism - regulate economy
• tax exemptions for industries
• built roads/canals to move goods
• overseas colonies Quebec Louisiana
• raised tariffs on imports
• Problem - more Colbert brought in, the more Louis
  spent

12
Wars of Louis XIV
12
12

• 1667 invades Spanish Neth. and Franche-Comte
• Triple Alliance stops (Dutch, English,Swedes)
• 1672 invades United Provinces
• Coalition of Brandenburg, Spain HRE stop Louis
• France received Franche-Comte from Spain
• War of League of Augsburg - east against HRE
• Treaty of Ryswick Louis keeps Strasbourg and part
  of Alsace
• War of Spanish Succession - Spanish throne left
  to grandson of Louis XIV
• balance of power rest of Europe moves against
  France/Spain

13
Wars continued
13
13

• Peace of Utrecht 1713 Rastatt 1714
• Philip V Spanish ruler but Spain and France to be
  separate
• Spanish Neth, Milan Naples given to Austria
• Brandenburg-Prussia gained additional territories
• England gained Fr territories in New World
• France left surrounded by enemies and bankrupt

14
How absolute was Louis?
14
14

• Adv
• made France more powerful w/ improved military
• centralized Fr gov
• tamed the Fr aristocracy
• Dis Adv
• taxed the peasants
• created huge debt
• court at Versailles too removed from lives and
  problems of common people

15
Spain in Decline
15
15

• Philip II - Left Spain Bankrupt
• Philip III - weak rule allowed duke of Lerma to
  run affairs which he only helped his family
• Philip IV (1621-1665)
• tried to centralize power and cut influence of
  Catholic Church
• aristocracy too strong
• 30 Yrs War defeat _at_ Rocroi
• decline of silver from New World 1620s-40s killed
  economy
• internal struggles - no real middle class

16
German States
16
16

• Peace of Westphalia - Germany independent states
• By 17th c - 2 emerging empires
• Brandenburg-Prussia
• Austria

17
Austria
19
19

• Hapsburg power over HRE declined after 30 Years
  War
• Turned attention to traditional Hapsburg lands of
  SE Europe
• 16th c wars of religion had added Bohemia and
  parts of NW Hungary to Haps land
• Ferdinand II (1619-1637) crushed Protestantism in
  Bohemia land to loyal Catholic aristocracy
• Ferdinand III (1637-1657) permanent standing army
• Leopold I (1658-1705) crushes Ottoman advance at
  Vienna 1687

18
Austria continued
20
20

• Treaty of Karlowitz added Hungary, Transylvania,
  Croatia, Slovenia to Austrian Empire (from
  Ottoman)
• War of Spanish Succession - Austria gains Spanish
  Neth and Spanish influence in Italy
• Milan, Mantua, Sardinia, Naples
• Never became centralized absolutist state bc of
  various national groups but strong bond in
  support of House of Hapsburg and Catholic faith

19
Brandenburg Prussia
17
17

• 1415 Hohenzollerns begin rule in Brandenburg
• 1600s acquire land in west Germany and East
  Prussia
• Frederick William, the Great Elector(1640-1688)
• General War Commissariat (military run state)
• members of Commissariat - Prussian aristocrats,
  Junkers
• Frederick makes deal with nobility
• free hand in running gov for unlimited power over
  peasants

20
Brandenburg Prussia continued
18
18

• Frederick and Economy - mercantilist
• favored nobility at expense of middle class
• Fredericks son, Frederick III helps HRE in War
  of Spanish Succession - in return granted title
  of King of Prussia - King Frederick I (1689-1713)
• Frederick William I (1713-1740)
• Increased army 12 in pop yet 4th largest army
• Forced conscription - army that possesses a
  state

21
Russia
21
21

• Ivan IV the Terrible 1533-1584 1st to use title
  tsar
• Used cruelty and fear to crush boyars nobility
• Expanded east to include nearly a billion acres
• Son too weak to rule end of dynasty
• Time of Troubles famine and civil unrest

22
Russia continued
22
22

• 1613 Zemsky Sober chose Michael Romanov
• Dynasty last until 1917
• Peter the Great 1689-1725
• Strong military (conscription of 25yr service)
• Table of Ranks based on merit
• Military consumed 4/5 of revenue bad for taxed
  peasants
• Mercantilist policies but had to resort to heavy
  taxation
• Tried to westernize women benefited
• Window to the West Great Northern War against
  Sweden to gain port St Petersburg capital - 1917

23
Ottoman Empire

• Never granted a seat at European table
• Oppressive yet tolerant
• Christian slaves raised Muslim and military
  training
• Opportunity to move up based on merit
• Janissary Corp becomes voluntary for Muslim or
  Christian
• Millet System religious communities granted
  autonomy for paying taxes to sultan
• Suleiman the Magnificent 16th century golden
  age of Ottomans expansion and domination of
  trade in eastern Med.

24
England
23
23

• England moves from Divine Right to Constitutional
  Monarchy
• Response to Reformation religious reasons
• Rising middle class gentry w/ Protestant work
  ethic
• House of Commons full of willing taxpayers that
  want influence

25
James I
24
24

• E-Liz cousin (son of Mary, queen of Scots)
  STUART
• Divine Right not real friendly w/ Parliament
• Refused Puritan request to purify church of
  bishops

26
Charles I
25
25

• Goes back on Petition of Right 1628
• Kicks out Parliament 11yrs, taxes through ship
  money
• Married Louis 13 Catholic sis Henrietta Maria
• LAST STRAW tried to force Anglican practices on
  Scotland Scotland mostly Presbyterian (Calvin
  brand)

27
English Civil War
26
26

• Has to call Parliament - needs army to put down
  Scottish revolt and growing rebellion in Ireland
• Parliament wont deal unless they get reform
  (Long Parliament 1640-1660)
• Triennial Act must call Parliament every 3
  years
• Impeach Archbishop Laud
• Charles starts arresting radical parliamentarians
  (roundheads)
• ENGLISH CIVIL WAR

28
Oliver Cromwell Protectorate
27
27

• Puritans forces of Parliament led by Oliver
  Cromwell capture Charles I 1646
• Parliament Splits
• Cavaliers loyal to king
• Roundheads support Cromwell
• Charles looks for help from Scotland, captured
  again 1648
• Rump Parliament charges Charles w/ treason off
  with his head
• Cromwell New Model Army military rule til death
  1658

29
Restoration of Charles II
28
28

• Parliament reestablishes Anglican Church laws
  forcing Catholics and Puritans Test Act 1673
• Charles tried to remain neutral as did not want
  his dads fate but sympathized w/ Catholics
• Secret alliance with cousin Louis XIV
• Parliament attempts to pass bill to block his bro
  James II (catholic) from throne Whigs Tories
• Whigs suspicious of Catholics want to keep
  James out
• Tories loyalty to monarchial tradition and
  supported James

30
Glorious Revolution
29
29

• Parliament was going to wait out James II until
  had a Catholic boy
• Nobles invite William of Orange, husband of
  James daughter Mary
• Bill of Rights 1689

31
Dutch Republic

• 7 Northern Provinces broke from Spain late 16th
  c.
• Rejected absolute rule in favor of republic
• Separate provinces with local assemblies
  (Estates)
• Wealthy merchant class made up Estates
• Appointed an executive officer stadholder
• Federal assembly States General handled foreign
  affairs
• Holland largest Navy and most wealthy
• Amsterdam financial center of 17th c
• Shipbuilding and trade brought in great wealth
• Religious toleration attracted entrepreneurs

32
European Culture
29
29

• Many phases after Renaissance
• Reflected the tension and emotion of the period
• Religious Wars, Counter Reformation, Absolutism
• Music - Bach
• Art - Mannerism - Baroque
• Architecture - big palaces

33
Mannerism - Italy 1520s/30s
29
29

• Attempted to break down High Ren. principles of
  balance and harmony
• Elongated figures - sense of suffering, strong
  emotion filled w/ anxiety and confusion
• El Greco

34
Baroque - End of 16th-17th c.
29
29

• Emphasized emotion and power
• objects in motion
• diagonal movement
• Contrasts of light - shadow
• Italy/Spain - Supported Catholic Reformation
• attract viewers back to the Church
• France - mix of religion and absolute power
• Protestant Europe - secularized, genre focused
• reflective of emerging middle class patronizing
  art

35
Night Watch - Rembrandt
29
29

• Men getting their rifles together
• Light/shadow, in motion
• Street in Amsterdam

36
Ecstasy of St. Theresa - Bernini
29
29

• Vision of Spanish mystic an angel pierced heart
  of St. T - transporting her to a state of
  religious ecstasy
• Raw emotion, light/shadow
• Religious focus
• Attract viewers in

37
Las Meninas - Valazquez
29
29

• Maids of honor that serve the princess
• King Philip and queen reflection in mirror on
  back wall
• Power, absolutism
• People in motion, not portrait
• Light/Shadow

38
Raising of the Cross - Rubens
29
29

• Religious in subject matter - Counter Reformation
• Emotional - draw viewer in
• Light/Shadow
• Diagonal movement

39
Entombment - Caravaggio
29
29

• Jesus being taken from the cross - emotional
• Counter Reformation
• Diagonal movement
• Light/Shadow

40
Syndics of the Cloth Guild - Rembrandt
29
29

• Group of Protestant merchants - secular theme,
  genre
• Rise of middle class
• Light/shadow
• Dutch Masters Cigars

41
Judith Slaying Holofernes - Gentileschi
29
29

• Biblical story of Judith saving Israelites
  cutting off head of Holo - very graphic,
  emotional
• Woman artist, woman hero - role of women stepping
  out in society more
• Movement
• Light/shadow

42
Architecture
29
29
Versailles
Schonbrunn
builds his versailles, has his mistresses, and
maintains his army - Fred Great
Stockholm