India

1
India

• What have we learned from the artifacts left
  behind by the people of the Indus River Valley?
• How were the cities of t his time so advanced?

2
Indus River Valley

• Farming began here around 4000 B.C.
• By 3000 B.C. farmers learned to irrigate their
  fields.
• By 2,500 B.C. two major cities of Harappa and
  Mohenjo Daro were established.
• Farmers here grew
• dates, melons, wheat, barley, rice and cotton.
• These farmers were the 1st in the world to
  harvest cotton!

3
Two Major Cities

• Harappa and Mojenjo-Daro were the two major
  cities in the Indus River Civilization
• They each had populations of more than 40,000
  people.
• Buildings faced paved streets and formed rows of
  square blocks making a grid.
• Houses have indoor plumbing and are connected to
  underground sewers.
• In the center of each city was a citadel. A
  citadel is a walled in area, like a fortress
  where people went for protection.

4
Indus River Valley

• The Indus River Valley became a civilization
  because it had a system of writing, religious
  beliefs, architecture, etc.
• Due to a monsoon, flood, or earthquake, the
  Harappan civilization vanished sometime around
  1700b.c.

5
The Great Bath at Mohenjo-Daro
6
The Aryans

• A new group of people migrated to the Indus
  Valley in 1500 B.C. called Aryans or noble
  ones.
• They spoke Sanskrit which was a language only
  used by their people.
• Aryans brought new technology by riding chariots
  and developed villages and towns where they
  farmed and traded.
• The Aryans left behind jewelry, pottery, ruins of
  buildings and their language of Sanskrit.

7
Aryan Migration
8
The Aryan Chariot and the Vedas
9
Aryan Culture Spreads

• The Aryans formed groups that were headed by a
  rajah a priest leader.
• They had a class system similar to the Egyptians.
  The brahmins (priests or teachers) were the
  highest, warriors/kings/rulers were next, and at
  the bottom were the sudras(slaves).
• The Aryan culture spread east to the Ganges River
  and included sixteen states.

10
Brahmins
11
The Aryans Arrive

• The chariot was a new piece of technology brought
  to India by the Aryans.
• The Aryans left behind the Vedas or Book of
  Knowledge. The book contained stories about
  wars with humans and gods. (Similar to the
  Bible.)

12
The Persian Empire

• Cyrus II was said to be the founder of the
  Persian Empire.
• King Darius I followed his lead and brought the
  Persian Empire to India.
• The development of roads and trade by the
  Persians connected India with other lands in
  Central Asia.
• India was no longer cut off by its mountains.

13
The Persian Empire
14
The First Indian Empire

1. Chandragupta Maurya started the first Indian
   empire known as the Mauryan empire.
2. The Mauryan Empire had an organized government,
   civil service workers and a powerful army.
3. Ashoka used rock markers to explain policies of
   tolerance and nonviolence.
4. After Ashokas death, the empire began to fall
   apart.

15
Ashokas Stone Tablets
16
Arts and Sciences

• During the Gupta Period, achievements were made
  in science and mathematics.
• - They developed a number system of nine
  digits, a zero, and a decimal.
• Advancements were made in literature, poetry, art
  and education.
• Economy began to flourish as well as trade.

17
A Statue Portraying Gupta Music
18
What was left behind?

• Archaeologists found hundreds of decorated bowls
  and vases. Jewelry, cloth, razors, mirrors and
  fishhooks were popular items of trade.
• Stone seals were also discovered showing drawing
  of animals and a form of writing.

19
Time to Review

• What is a citadel?
• What was so unique about Mojenjo-Daro and
  Harappa?
• What were some artifacts left behind of the Indus
  Valley people?
• What are some similarities and differences
  between Egypt, Mesopotamia and the Indus River
  Valley?