The Scientific Revolution

1
The Scientific Revolution The Renaissance
inspired curiosity in many fields and carried
over to the science world
2
geocentric- the earth is the center of the solar
system. (churchs view) heliocentric- the sun is
the center of the solar system Nicolaus
Copernicus- Polish astronomer who found that the
sun was the center. He did not publish his
findings out of fear and ridicule until the last
year of his life. Johannes Kepler- discovered
laws of planetary motion and agreed heliocentric
and added that the planets moved in ellipses
(oval paths) around the sun.
3
Galileo Galilei

• Italian scientist mathematician
• Discovered the law of the pendulum
• Built his own telescope
• The Catholic church warned Galileo not to defend
  ideas of Copernicus.
• went to trial where he took back everything he
  had said. He publicly stated that Copernicus was
  wrong. He lived under house arrest the rest of
  his life.

4

• The Scientific Method- procedure for gathering
  testing ideas.
• Question comes from Observation
• Form a hypothesis
• Experiment
• Analyze and Interpret data
• Conclusion- confirms or disproves the observation
• Francis Bacon- English writer and scientist who
  came up with the Scientific Method

5

• Rene Descartes- French philosopher
  mathematician developed analytical geometry and
  believed in using logic and math to solve
  problems. Believed that everything should be
  doubted until proven with reason.
• QUOTE 1 I think, therefore I am
• Isaac Newton- English scientist who came up with
  the theory of gravity. wrote Mathematical
  Principles of Natural Philosophy
• QUOTE 2 If I have seen further than others it
  is by standing upon the shoulders of giants

6

• Scientific Instruments, Medicine, the Human
  body
• Zacharias Jannsen- The first microscope
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek- used microscope to observe
  bacteria
• Gabriel Fahrenheit- Dutch physicist made
  thermometer using mercury in a glass showed
  freezing at 32 degrees
• Anders Celsius- created a new thermometer that
  showed freezing at 0
• Andreas Vesalius- dissected human corpses and
  published observations with detailed drawings.
• William Harvey- showed blood circulated through
  the body and understood the function of the heart
  blood vessels.
• Edward Jenner- British physician introduced the
  vaccine to prevent smallpox

7

• Discoveries in Chemistry
• Robert Boyle- the founder of modern Chemistry. He
  used the Scientific Method in chemistry. Boyles
  law- how the volume, temperature, pressure of a
  gas affect each other.
• Joseph Priestly- chemist who separated one pure
  gas from air. (his invention led to carbonated
  drinks)
• Antoine Lavoisier- French chemist discovered
  oxygen

8
The Enlightenment The Age of Reason

• The Scientific Revolution applied reason and
  scientific method to government, society,
  religion, economics, education.
• Paris- the center of the Enlightenment

9

• Thomas Hobbes- English philosopher idea of a
  social contract He believed the best form of
  government was an absolute monarchy. (could
  impose order demand obedience)
• John Locke- English philosopher who disagreed
  with Hobbes. Thought people could govern
  themselves. believed in natural rights (life,
  liberty, property) He said that if a
  government fails to protect those, citizens have
  the right to overthrow. Two Treatises on
  Government foundation for modern democracy
  The idea of power in the people and the right to
  rebel was used in the American Revolution.

10

• Philosophes- social critics in France who
  discussed
• Reason
• Nature
• Happiness
• Progress
• Liberty
• Francois Marie Arouet Voltaire- French
  philosophe who published over 70 books on
  politics, philosophy, history, fiction, drama.
  Wrote satires and criticized the clergy,
  aristocracy, government. He was sent to prison
  and exiled to England. He never stopped fighting
  for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion,
  freedom of speech.
• QUOTE 3 I disapprove of what you say but
  will defend to the death your right to say it

11

• Baron de Montesquieu- influential French writer
  studied Roman history. separation of powers-
  would keep any individual or group from gaining
  total control of the govt. checks and balances-
  On the Spirit of Laws His beliefs were the
  foundation for the American Constitution.
• Jean Jacques Rousseau- disagreed with most other
  Enlightenment thinkers. Believed that people
  were born good society made them evil. believed
  in the social contract but as an agreement
  between people and their government. He
  believed in direct democracy. His ideas inspired
  leaders of the French Revolution.

12

• Beccaria- Italian philosopher who exposed the
  abuses of the justice system. Wanted to abolish
  capital punishment.
• The philosophes challenged thoughts about
  government and society but took a traditional
  approach to the role of women.
• Mary Wollstonecraft- considered the 1st feminist.
  Author of Vindication of the Rights of Woman
  she argued for womens rights and the right to
  participate in govt.

13
The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas

• salons- social gatherings attended by
  philosophers, artists, scientists, and other
  intellects.
• Denis Diderot- French author of the Encyclopedie.
  It was banned by the church.
• The salons and the encyclopedie helped educate
  people all over Europe.

14
Baroque

• Grand and ornate style
• Elaborate palaces such as Versailles

Classical- The Enlightenment ideals of order and
reason were reflected in the arts, music,
literature, painting, and architecture.