Tuesday, February 3rd

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Tuesday, February 3rd

• Bell Work Please pick up your notebook from the
  back table. Take a moment to copy down the EQ and
  WOD. Then, along the front board you will see
  yellow vocab posters. Please select one sheet and
  take it back to your seat. Your job is to
  define/identify the term, illustrate it in some
  way (symbol, picture, etc.) and explain how it
  relates to one of the course themes
• Course Themes Human Interaction with
  Environment Development of Culture Political
  Systems Economic Systems Development of Social
  Structures

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Daily Agenda

• Bell Work Vocab Review
• WOD ? repudiate
• Activator Kahoot Review
• Lecture Classical Indian Society
• Project Visual Metaphor

• Essential Question
• Why was centralized rule more common in Classical
  China than India?
• Homework Read pgs. 201-208

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Repudiate to take back to reject to
disavowPronunciation for Word

• Martin, do you or do you not REPUDIATE these
  books and the falsehoods they contain? The place
  was the Diet of Worms. The time was April 1521.
  The question posed by the papal legate Johann Eck
  required an answer. For Martin Luther, the moment
  of truth
• had finally arrived. How would
• Luther respond?

Martin Luther at the Diet of Worms defends his
writings against the papacy and says he will not
recant his statements.
Read-Aloud 2/3/2015, Block 1
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Kahoot Review

• If you have an electronic device with you today,
  you may take it out.
• Please go to kahoot.it
• You will be prompted to enter a game code and ID
  in a moment
• At the conclusion of this review game, your
  electronic device must be turned off

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Classical Age India

• Culturally, linguistically, and ethnically
  diverse
• 14 major languages (most Indo-European)
• Indian culture synthesis of Harappan, Aryan, and
  other influences

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We owe a lot to the Indians, who taught us how to
count, without which no worthwhile scientific
discovery could have been made.
--- Albert Einstein. India is the
cradle of the human race, the birthplace of human
speech, the mother of history, the grandmother of
legend and the great grand mother of tradition.
--- Mark Twain. If there
is one place on the face of earth where all
dreams of living men have found a home from the
very earliest days when man began the dream of
existence, it is India .
--- French scholar Romain Rolland.
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Religions of South Asia
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Hinduism

• Early Aryan history known as the Rig-Vedic
  Period (1700-1000 BCE)
• Rig-Vedas are the earliest religious texts of
  Hinduism
• Written in Sanskrit

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Monotheism or Polytheism?

• Over 3000 gods and goddesses
• All considered aspects of Brahma, the overall

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The Hindu Caste System

• Brahmin (priests)
• Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers)
• Vaisyas (merchants)
• Sudras (peasants and laborers)
• Untouchables (people without caste, Chandala)

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• The four varnas (castes) originated in the
  sacrifice of the macrocosmic, primeval man,
  according to the Rig Veda.
• Brahmans Head
• Kshatriyas Shoulders
• Vaisyas Thighs
• Sudras Feet

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Traditional Functions of the Castes

• Brahman priests, thinkers, intellectuals
• Kshatriyas rule, protect, maintain order
• Vaisyas commerce and agriculture
• Sudras more menial tasks
• Untouchables work with polluting substances
  leather, excrement, filth

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Castes and Hierarchy

• Hierarchical rank according to purity and
  pollution
• Rituals and ceremonies in each caste serve as
  caste identifiers
• Ultimate punishment excommunication from your
  caste

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Consequences of the Caste System

• Individuals are judged by their caste, not by
  their abilities. Caste interaction discouraged
• Benefits the top castes to the detriment of the
  lower castes
• Some caste mobility through Sanskritization
  groups within castes can gradually raise their
  status by emulating higher castes over several
  generations

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Caste System Legacy

• The system has survived for centuries, meaning
  Hindu society remains stable
• Modern India has legal equality for all and
  guarantees basic human rights, but cultural
  discrimination against lower castes and
  untouchables continues

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Hindu Religious texts

• Ramayana
• Mahabarata
• Upanishads
• Written in
• Sanskrit

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Siddhartha Gautama ca 563-483 BCE

• Born the son of a Kshatriya chief
• At age 29 assumed an ascetic lifestyle in search
  of Nirvana (Enlightenment)
• Known as Buddha The Enlightened One

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The Four Noble Truths

• 1. All human life is suffering
• 2. All suffering is caused by desire
• End suffering by ending desire
• End desire by following the Eightfold Noble Path
  right understanding, right thought, right speech,
  right action, right livelihood, right effort,
  right mindfulness, and right concentration.

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Buddhist Practices

• Selflessness
• Disapproval of violence, meat eating, animal
  sacrifice, and war
• Four Cardinal Virtues friendliness, compassion,
  joy, and equanimity

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Buddhism and Hinduism Compared

• Belief in reincarnation, the Brahma or Universal
  Soul
• Buddhism more egalitarian, no caste system
• Buddhism less patriarchal, women have equal
  chance to achieve Nirvana (can become monks as
  well)

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Two Types of Buddhism

• Theravada Buddhism philosophy rather than
  religion. Buddha a man, not god, practiced
  primarily in Sri Lanka
• Mahayana Buddhism salvation religion. Buddha
  became a god, good and devout people can become
  bhoddisatvas potential future Buddhas.

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• Mahayana Buddhism spread through India to China,
  East Asia
• Emphasis on repetition of prayers and devotions
  prayer flags, prayer wheels, printing.

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Buddhism in the Subcontinent
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Buddhas head 2c Pakistan
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Mandala Wheel of Life Motif
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Indian Contact with outside World

• Hinduism encouraged pilgrimages
• Mixing of Aryans with indigenous cultures
  encouraged syncretism
• 331 BCE Alexander the Great marched to the edge
  of India
• Greek and Indian culture began to intermix

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Chandragupta Maurya 321-297 BCE

• Conquered Northern India, Indus Valley
• Established Mauryan Dynasty

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Ashoka 272-232 BCE

• Last of the great Mauryan Emperors
• Aggressive, cruel conqueror in early life
• After the bloody conquest of Kalinga, Ashoka
  converted to Buddhism

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Ashokas India

• Ashoka became a vegetarian and renounced warfare
• State would rule by right or law, not might
• Religious toleration
• Better treatment of women and lower castes
• Encouaged Buddhist expansion throughout India and
  Asia

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Asokas law code

• Edicts scattered in more than 30 places in
  India, Nepal, Pakistan, Afghanistan.
• Written mostly in Sanskrit, but one was in
  Greek and Aramaic.
• 10 rock edicts.
• Each pillar stupa is 40-50 high.
• Buddhist principles dominate his laws.

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One of Asokas Stupas
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• During Ashokas reign Buddhism became dominant in
  India and threatened to wipe out Hinduism
• After Ashokas death, Hinduism revived and
  Buddhism declined

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Reasons for Indias Religious Shift After Ashoka

• Hindu syncretism Brahmins accepted Buddha as
  god, encouraged devotional cults and small
  sacrifices (personal worship and prayer),
  loosened caste restrictions and enhanced the role
  of women
• Buddhist withdrawal to monasteries, less active
  lives within India

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Fa-Hsien Life in Gupta India

• Chinese Buddhist monk traveled along the Silk
  Road and visited India in the 5c.
• He was following the path of the Buddha.
• He reported the people to be happy,
  relatively free of government oppression, and
  inclined towards courtesy and charity.
  Other references in the journal, however,
  indicate that the caste system was rapidly
  assuming its basic features, including
  "untouchability," the social isolation of a
  lowest class that is doomed to menial labor.

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India Under The Gupta Dynasty 320-550 CE

• Hinduism dominant
• Heavy rice cultivation in Ganges valley
• Economic expansion due to Silk Road and Indian
  Ocean trade
• Cultural Flowering
• Indian cultural influence on Southeast Asia

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International Trade Routes during the Guptas
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Extensive Trade4c
spices
silks
cotton goods
spices
rice wheat
horses
gold ivory
gold ivory
cotton goods
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GuptaArt
Greatly influenced Southeast Asian art
architecture.
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Gupta Achievements
1000 diseasesclassified
500 healingplants identified
Printedmedicinal guides
Kalidasa
Literature
Medicine
PlasticSurgery
GuptaIndia
Inoculations
C-sectionsperformed
SolarCalendar
Astronomy
Mathematics
DecimalSystem
The earthis round
PI 3.1416
Conceptof Zero
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Cave temple at Elephanta
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Kalidasa, Gupta Indias greatest writer

• Greatest of Indias Sanskrit Writers
• Famous for 3 plays and 2 Epic Poems

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Mauryan and Gupta Similarities

• Theater-State System Reign down riches on
  those areas most loyal
• 25 Agricultural Tax to finance govt.
• Government monopolies over key industries (ship
  building, iron metallurgy, armaments, etc.)
• Both dynasties fade off into decentralized states
  (though not a decline in India)

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Metaphors

• What is the purpose of a metaphor?

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Can you explain this metaphor for time?
The business of everyday life
Our Lives
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Can you explain the metaphor?
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Can you explain the metaphor?
Top We are running out of time. Bottom Act
now before its too late.
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Creating a Visual Metaphor
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Visual Metaphor Project

• Working on your own, create an extended visual
  metaphor describing the Hellenic (Greek) society
  or Classical Rome based on the details from your
  reading in Chapters 10-11.
• Create a drawing that visually represents your
  civilization in the form of something else (tree,
  garden, family, team, etc.)
• Each part of your drawing will represent some
  aspect of your chosen society.
• Explain your connections with annotations
• Be prepared to present and explain your metaphor
  Thursday.

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How to Start

• Read about the designated civilization in Chapter
  10 or 11.
• Choose something (non-history related) that you
  are familiar with that has multiple components
• Example A football team ? Coach, quarterback,
  linemen, field, ball, opposing team, water boy,
  etc.
• Next, identify the role of each component in that
  situation.
• Match up the equivalent component in your chosen
  society (what would serve a similar role in that
  civilization).
• Example Neo-Confucianism is the ball that both
  sides use to advance the society forward. OR The
  scholar-gentry are the quarterbacks leading the
  society closer to its goal.

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Daily objective

1. Read Chapter 10 or 11 and complete notes
2. Choose a topic to compare the society to
3. Plan your comparisons (what will each thing in
   your drawing represent)
4. Begin drawing metaphor
5. Annotate your drawing to explain the connections