DNA and RNA

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DNA and RNA
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DNA

• Made of nucleotides which are made of
• 5 carbon sugar - deoxyribose
• Phosphate group
• Nitrogenous base
• There are 4 nitrogen bases
• Adenine
• Guanine
• Cytosine
• Thymine

Questions What are the monomers called that DNA
is made of? What are the three components of
DNA? What sugar is DNA made of? What are the 4
nucleotides of DNA?
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DNA Arrangement

• Looks like a twisted latter called double helix
  
• Discovered Watson and Crick
• The sides are made of sugar and phosphate that
  alternate
• Each rung is made of 2 nitrogenous bases
• Adenine and thymine
• Cytosine and guanine

Questions What is the shape of DNA? Who
discovered the shape of DNA? Describe how DNA is
configured?
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DNA Replication

• DNA has 2 complementary sides
• To replicate
• An enzyme called DNA helicase splits DNA down the
  middle
• It begins at a point called the replication fork
• It separate in both directions
• As it separates into 2 sides - complementary
  bases (in the nucleus) attach to each side using
  DNA polymerase
• This results in two identical pieces of DNA
  each with 1 original and 1 new strand

Questions Explain the steps of DNA
replication? What is the result of DNA
replication? How does the why DNA replicates help
conserve genetic information?
SC.912.L.16.3 Describe the basic process of DNA
replication and how it relates to the
transmission and conservation of genetic
information.
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RNA

• RNA Is slightly different
• It is only a single strand
• Its nucleotide made of
• 5 carbon sugar ribose
• Phosphate group
• Nitrogenous bases
• Contains the nitrogen bases
• Adenine
• Guanine
• Cytosine
• Uracil

Questions What is RNA? How is the RNA similar
and different from the DNA molecule?
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Types of RNA
Questions What are the three types of RNA and
what is the job of each?

• There are three types of RNA all help to make
  proteins
• Messenger RNA contain instructions
• Ribosomal RNA assembles the protein
• Transfer RNA transfers amino acids to the
  ribosomes

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Types of RNA
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Making RNA

• RNA is made by copying part of DNA
• Called transcription
• Steps
• RNA polymerase separates the DNA at a specific
  location
• RNA nitrogen bases attach to one of the strands
  of DNA (uracil instead of thymine)
• The piece of RNA separated from the DNA

Questions What is the process of making RNA
called? Explain the steps of making RNA.
SC.912.L.16.5 Explain the basic processes of
transcription and translation, and how they
result in the expression of genes.
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RNA Editing

• Editing must happen before RNA leaves the nucleus
• Gets rid of unneeded pieces called introns
• Keeps the parts called exons
• The exons bond together to make mRNA
• The mRNA leaves the nucleus to go to the ribosomes

Questions Why does RNA need to be edited? What
are the parts called that are removed and
kept? What type of RNA is made in the end?
SC.912.L.16.5 Explain the basic processes of
transcription and translation, and how they
result in the expression of genes.
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Removing Introns
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Making Proteins

• Process is called translation
• Made by joining amino acids into long chains
  called polypeptides
• Sequence of the amino acids determines the
  protein
• The steps
• mRNA is sent to the ribosome
• mRNA reads 3 letters at a time (these 3 letters
  are called codon)
• Each codon represents a single amino acid
  (AUGStart)
• These codons represent the universal genetic code

Questions What is the process of making proteins
called? What is a codon and where is it
found? How and why is the genetic code universal
to most organisms?
SC.912.L.16.5 Explain the basic processes of
transcription and translation, and how they
result in the expression of genes. SC.912.19.9
Explain how and why the genetic code is universal
and is common to almost all organisms.
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Codons and Their Corresponding Amino Acid
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Translation - Continued

• The mRNA sends for a tRNA that has the
  complementary nucleotides (called anticodon) that
  they are needed
• The tRNA brings a specific amino acids to the
  ribosome
• The amino acid the tRNA carries is bonded to the
  polypeptide chain
• The tRNA is released from the mRNA and leaves to
  get another amino acid
• This continues until a stop codon is reached
• Then the polypeptide (protein) is released and
  goes where it is needed

Questions Explain the steps of protein
translation? (remember the previous slide)
SC.912.L.16.5 Explain the basic processes of
transcription and translation, and how they
result in the expression of genes.
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Protein Synthesis Part 1
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Protein Synthesis part 2
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Mutations

• Mutation change in the genetic material
• Types
• Gene mutations mistakes in a specific gene
• Can be frame shift
• Insertion when a nitrogenous base is added
• Deletion when a nitrogenous base is removed
• Non- frame shift
• Substitution one nitrogenous base is wrong -
  causes a different the amino acid

Questions What is a mutation? What is a gene
mutation? What types of gene mutations are there
and what are some examples?
SC.912.L.16.4 Explain how mutations in the DNA
sequence may or may not result in phenotypic
change. Explain how mutations in gametes may
result in phenotypic changes in the
offspring. SC.912.L.14.6 Explain the significance
of genetic factors, environmental factors, and
pathogenic agent to health from the perspective
of both the individual and public health.
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• Chromosomal mutations changes in the structure
  of the chromosome
• There are 4 types
• Deletion part of chromosome is missing
• Duplication part of the chromosome is repeated
• Inversion part of the chromosome is flipped
  over
• Translocation part of the chromosome is removed
  from one chromosome and attached to another

Questions What are chromosomal
mutations? Explain the differences between the
types of mutations?
SC.912.L.16.4 Explain how mutations in the DNA
sequence may or may not result in phenotypic
change. Explain how mutations in gametes may
result in phenotypic changes in the
offspring. SC.912.L.14.6 Explain the significance
of genetic factors, environmental factors, and
pathogenic agent to health from the perspective
of both the individual and public health.
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Chromosomal mutations
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Effects of Mutations

• Some are neutral
• a single letter change may still give the same
  amino acid
• Some are harmful
• May change protein structures or gene activity
• Cause disorders or mutations
• Some are helpful
• cause variations that all the organism to survive
  its environment (extra fur, color change)

Questions Explain how different mutations can
effect an organism?
SC.912.L.16.4 Explain how mutations in the DNA
sequence may or may not result in phenotypic
change. Explain how mutations in gametes may
result in phenotypic changes in the
offspring. SC.912.L.14.6 Explain the significance
of genetic factors, environmental factors, and
pathogenic agent to health from the perspective
of both the individual and public health.