Empire, War,

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Empire, War, Colonial Rebellion
You Bastards
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18th Century Empires

• European countries during the 18th century used
  empires to promote mercantilism, and improve
  their economic status.
• Trade rivalries developed causing great strain
  among the European powers.
• Boundaries of empires established in the Treaty
  of Utrecht in 1713. (Spanish Succession)

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Mercantilist Goals

• Gain a favorable trade balance of gold and
  silver. (exports exceed imports)
• Colonies established to provide raw materials for
  growing industries and also to provide markets
  for finished products.
• National monopolies (charter companies) over
  colonies meant there was no trade except with the
  home/mother country.

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Problems with Mercantilism

• Many practices proved impractical.
• Colonial production (particularly American)
  competed against British factories.
• Colonists and different countries wished to trade
  with each other.
• Spain unable to produce enough finished products
  for colonies.
• Spanish colonists wanted Spain in the New World
  had to have all the comforts of home!

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Spanish Colonial SystemCasta System

• Spanish society in the New World was based on
  classes as in Europe.
• Peninsulares Appointed to serve terms in New
  World and return to Spain.
• Not as interested in the welfare of the colony as
  they were in getting rich quick and heading home!
• Viceroys European born, high government
  officials and upper clergy.

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Casta system

• Creoles Colonial born whites.
• Resented the rule of the viceroys
• Owned large farm estates and mines
• Well-educated
• Lower clergy were also the Creoles.
• Mestizos People of mixed white and Indian blood.
  Farm laborers for the most part
• Mulattoes People of mixed white and African
  blood.
• Slaves Indians, Negroes or a mixture of the two.
• Limpieza de sangre
• Gracias al sacar

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Importance of the Church

• The Roman Catholic Church as an important force
  in Latin American society.
• Supported by the government.
• Used to spread European civilization in the New
  World.
• Promoted education.
• First universities founded in the New World
• Brought the first printing press to Americas
• Due to this spread of culture, Latin American
  cities enjoyed a higher level of civilization
  than those of other North American cities.

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The Economy

• Spains most important source of revenue from the
  New World came in the form of gold and silver.
• Eventually agriculture replaced gold and silver
  as its major source of revenue.
• Sugar cane and citrus fruits (Imported)
• Tobacco and Cacao (Native)
• Cattle (Imported)

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The Plantation System

• The basic unit of colonial Latin America was a
  self-sufficient farming estate.
• Most were granted as royal charters.
• Charters included the right of encomiendas.
• The right to demand labor from Natives.
• Due to harsh treatment and disease, many of these
  people died.
• Death rate in Peruvian mines as high as 90
• Due to the need for increased labor supplies, the
  slave trade began during the 1500s.
• People more suited to the hard work needed.

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The Slave Experience

• It is estimated that over 9 million Africans were
  transported to the New World.
• Passage to the New World was devastating.
• Many ships lost over 40 of their slaves in
  passage
• Cheaper than trying to raise slave children to
  adulthood.
• Profitable!! Cost 25 and sell for 150 each
• Due to the high mortality rate as workers, there
  was a constant need for more slaves from Africa.
• Especially high in the West Indies

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Look at the areas that the majority of slaves
went to. Think about what their populations
physical appearance is today.
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Life Conditions

• Differed from colony to colony.
• Portuguese treated their slaves the worst
• In Spanish colonies the Church protected the
  slaves somewhat but spent more effort in
  protecting the Native Indians.
• British and French colonies provided some
  protection but was rarely enforced.
• Laws passed to maintain order
• fear of a slave revolt
• laws favored the masters over the slaves in all
  situations.

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Emancipation Movements

• The abolitionist movement began in Britain and
  France during the Enlightenment.
• Abolished in the French colonies in  1794. (but
  reinstated under Napoleon)
• Britain abolished slave trading in 1807. (Amazing
  Grace)
• The Latin American wars for independence during
  the early 1800s brought an end to slavery in many
  countries.
• Began in Haiti with a revolution against France
  led by Toussaint LOuverture
• Series of revolutions throughout South and
  Central America

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French British Rivalry

• North America was a major source of conflict
  between France and Britain.
• Competition among colonists (nationalist
  sentiments)
• Conflict over fishing rights and fur trade.
• Competition among each other to gain alliances
  with Native American tribes.

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Rivalry in India

• India was another source of conflict.
• Competition for trade between the British East
  India Company and the French Compagnie des Indes.
• The government of India was weakening during the
  18th century.
• France and Britain both saw it as an opportunity
  to expand their control of the region.
• Both countries attempted to gain control of the
  government in India.
• Joseph Dupleix of France
• Robert Clive of England
• Each country attempted to stop the other from
  government control of India.

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Mid 18th Century Wars
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War of Jenkins Ear 1739-43

• War that helped illuminate the rising conflict
  over trade among the European powers.
• Under the Treaty of Utrecht, Britain received the
  right (asiento) to provide Spain with slaves for
  a period of thirty years.
• Britain also allowed to send one ship to
  Portobello in the Caribbean.

• Ship was resupplied nightly by other British
  ships
• One of these ships was boarded by the Spanish
• Capt. Robert Jenkins
• ear was cut off by the Spanish.

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Eventually escalates

• Event (1731) eventually escalates into a war
  between the two countries (1739).
• British merchants put pressure on Parliament.
• Prime Minister Walpole forced to engage in war.
• Remember Walpole was all about avoiding war
  expensive!
• Conflict dovetailed into the War of the Austrian
  Succession.

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War of the Austrian Succession1740 - 1748

• In 1740, Frederick the Great of Prussia seized
  the Austrian province of Silesia.
• Claimed he was not bound to the Pragmatic
  Sanction.
• Silesia had rich farmland along with large iron
  deposits.
• Its population was largely German speaking
• The seizure of Silesia began a series of
  campaigns known as the War of the Austrian
  Succession.
• Pitted Prussia and her allies against Austria and
  hers

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A European War Or World War I?

• France, Bavaria, and Saxony sided with Prussia
  (why?)
• Britain, Russia, and the Dutch Netherlands sided
  with Austria. (why?)
• Prussia defeated
• Lost almost 10 of its population
• Its countryside was devastated.
• Berlin was invaded three separate times.

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The Diplomatic Revolution

• After the war there was a major diplomatic shift,
  with both Britain and France changing sides.
• New French alliance with the traditional Habsburg
  enemy against the rising power of Britain and
  Prussia led to costly failure in the Seven Years'
  War.

• How were these change cemented?

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The Seven Years War 1756-1763 (WW I?)

• Involved almost every European country.
• Fought not only in Europe but also India and the
  Americas.
• The French and Indian Wars
• At one time, Prussia was surrounded by enemies in
  Europe.
• With British aid, Frederick was able to hold off
  invasion.
• Complexion of war changed when Russia changed
  sides and joined Prussia.
• Treaty of Hubertusburg ended the war in Europe.
• Prussia allowed to keep Siliesia.

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AUSTRIAN CAVALRY Assault British Center
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FRENCH TROOPS Advance to meet British
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AUSTRIAN INFANTRY Advance on Prussians
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PRUSSIAN INFANTRY Waits for French Cavalry
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SCOTTISH HIGHLANDERS Ready for battle
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FRENCH General Inspects troops
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PRUSSIAN Artillery Commander Looks for a target
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Britain defeated the French at the Battle of
Plassey, thus denying France control of Indian
territories. The victory paved the way for more
control by the English East India Company, which
became the de facto government of the region.
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On June 21, 1756, 146 prisoners were squeezed
into the tiny one-room military jail at Fort
William, for one evening. The room measured 18
ft. by 18 ft. The room temperature became very
high, and only a small amount of water was given
to a few prisoners. Prisoners died when they
became too weak to stand, and were crushed by
other prisoners. In the morning 23 prisoners were
still alive. The jail became known as the Black
Hole Of Calcutta.
Then the prisoners went mad with despair. They
trampled each other down, fought for the places
at the windows, fought for the pittance of water
with which the cruel mercy of the murderers
mocked their agonies, raved, prayed, blasphemed,
implored the guards to fire among them. The
gaolers in the meantime held lights to the bars,
and shouted with laughter at the frantic
struggles of their victims. At length the tumult
died away in low gaspings and moanings. The day
broke
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European Claims in North America Before and After
the Seven Years' War (17561763)
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Treaty Of Paris 1763

• Series of complex land exchanges
• France loses almost everything and Britain gains
  (but proceeds to give and take with various
  countries)
• Spain gains Louisiana from GB in return for
  Florida
• (France regains it in 1800 in a deal with Spain)
• France forced to give up defenses in India. GB
  now de facto control under East India Company
• Canada becomes British but still has lots of
  French Settlers who refuse to accept situation.
• And still do!

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Importance of the 7 Years War

• 1)Britain effectively removes the challenge of
  France across the globe. The American colonists
  think they no longer need protection from France,
  and the attempt by British Parliament to tax the
  colonists to pay for the war and continued
  protection sparked the American Revolution.
• 2)  France and Spain embarked upon a major naval
  buildup.  Stronger Bourbon navies important in
  the latter years of 18th century
• 3) France incurred tremendous debt and more in
  the American Revolution. This helped spark the
  French Revolution.  The humiliation of the army
  led to reforms and innovations which were later
  used with great success by Napoleon.

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Importance of the War

• 4)  Prussia survived the war despite the early
  setbacks and confirmed its place as an important
  European power.  
• 5)  Russia showed itself to be a major power
  capable of enormous influence. This reputation
  will be enhanced later!
• 6)  By its lack of participation, The Netherlands
  showed itself to be in relative decline.  (It was
  involved in the War of Austrian Succession)
• 7)  Britain confirmed itself as the world's
  dominant naval and economic power and a force to
  be reckoned with in the European balance of
  power. Eventually, Britain conquered all of India
  and used its resources to further expand the
  empire.  Some non-"Eurocentric" historians
  believe British control of India made the
  Industrial Revolution possible.
• I do not agree. It helped but all that was
  needed were additional raw materials. India just
  happened to be convenient a the time.