Effective Presentations

1
Effective Presentations

• D. Gordon E. Robertson, PhD
• Emeritus Professor
• Biomechanics, Laboratory,
• School of Human Kinetics,
• University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada

2
Contents

• Effective presentations should consist of five
  parts.
• Introduction
• Background/Theory/Review of Literature
• Methods
• Results Discussion
• Conclusions/Future Directions

3
Introduction

• Must answer the question why is/was this research
  conducted or necessary
• Includes purpose of the study
• Hypothesis(es) being tested
• Short and long term objectives may be identified
• What is the question?

4
Background

• Includes essential review of the literature
• Should include basis (thesis) for any hypotheses
• Keep it brief
• Theoretical framework may be presented if
  necessary

5
Methods

• Sample size and population described-give
  statistical power, if known
• Show figure of experimental setup
• Outline of methods, refer to literature if
  possible
• Describe experimental protocol
• In a proposal include statistical methods, in a
  defense save these for results and discussion
• Another researcher should be able to duplicate
  study from description

6
Results

• Consists of tables, figures and descriptive
  statistics
• Be sure to include all relevant labels and units
  of measure
• Identify any codes or abbreviations used in
  figures and tables
• Point out most significant results (only a few if
  there are time constraints)

7
Discussion

• Interpret the results in light of the objectives
  and hypotheses outlined in the Introduction
• Presumably you can answer the question(s) posed
  in the Introduction
• Present and interpret the major statistical
  findings especially any significant differences
• Relate your study to the existing literature

8
Conclusions

• List the most important statistically significant
  findings
• Any statement must be supported by the data you
  collected
• Do not extrapolate your findings
• Avoid weak statements (may, might, seems, etc.)
• Use affirmative language and active verbs
• Should answer the question

9
Visual Presentation

• The following slides show various good and bad
  layouts.

10
Too Many Figures and Cluttered Placement

• Instrumentation in Biomechanics
• Photocells and timers
• Videography
• Electromyographs
• Accelerometers

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Slightly Better

• Instrumentation in Biomechanics
• Photocells and timers
• Videography
• Electromyographs
• Accelerometers

12
Keep Graphics toMaximum of Four or Five
Bortec system
Noraxon system
Delsys electrodes
Mega system
13
Too Cluttered?
Control points
EMG cables
Monitor
Subject
Keyboard
Cine or Video camera
Force platform
Trial number
14
Better
EMG cables
Cine or Video camera
Force platform
15
Too Many Levels of Bullets

• Angular position
• Protractor
• Goniometer
• Manual
• Electrical
• Photo-optical
• Linear acceleration
• Accelerometry
• Strain-gauge
• Piezoelectric
• Piezoresistive
• Calibrated
• Uncalibrated
• Videography
• VHS
• Beta
• CCD

Manual goniometer
Miniature accelerometers
16
Better
Manual goniometer

• Linear position
• Ruler, tape measure, optical
• Angular position
• Protractor, inclinometer, goniometer
• Linear acceleration
• Accelerometry, videography
• Angular acceleration
• Videography

Miniature accelerometers
17
Too Much Text and Fonts Too Small

• Podiatric clinicians suggest that FHL can result
  in slight disruptions of the inverted pendulum's
  centre of gravity (CoG) through the sagittal
  plane (Winter, 1995 Dananberg, 1986, 1993).
  According to clinicians, FHL leads to
  compensatory postural changes such as a forward
  lean to restore the pendulum (Figure 3).
  Clinicians suggest this FHL compensatory action
  may be a contributor to low back pain.

The Kinetic Wedge was designed to place the
first ray in a greater plantar flexed position
and the proximal phalanx more dorsiflexed
relative to the first metatarsal. Clinicians
believed that the limitation of the joint is
bypassed with the joint at this initial position,
thereby increasing the ability of the first MTP
joint to dorsiflex (Figure 4).
Figure 3. Compensatory forward lean
The podiatric community uses custom foot
orthoses (CFO) with the Kinetic Wedge
modification (Langer) to improve MTP joint
function and gait posture of individuals with FHL
(Figure 5).
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About Right?

• Causes of motion
• Forces and moments of force
• Work, energy and power
• Impulse and momentum
• Inverse Dynamics derives forces and moments from
  kinematics and body segment parameters (mass,
  centre of gravity, and moment of inertia)

19
Background Too Complex and Too Distracting

• Weight (W)
• Ground reaction force (Fg)

20
Better but stillToo Distracting

• Weight (W)
• Ground reaction force (Fg)

21
Use a Simple Background and Maintain Throughout

• Weight (W)
• Ground reaction force (Fg)

22
Background can beDark or Light

• Weight (W)
• Ground reaction force (Fg)

23
Transitions should be Simple and Consistent

• Weight (W)
• Ground reaction force (Fg)

24
Use a Different Transition for Effect but
Sparingly

• Weight (W)
• Ground reaction force (Fg)

25
Keep the Fonts Simple(presentation computer may
not have your font installed)

• Female subject
• Laboratory walkway
• Speed was 1.77 m/s (fast)
• IFS ipsilateral foot-strike
• ITO ipsilateral toe-off
• CFS contralateral foot-strike
• CTO contralateral toe-off

26
Many Presentations use San Serif Only

• Female subject
• Laboratory walkway
• Speed was 1.77 m/s (fast)
• IFS ipsilateral foot-strike
• ITO ipsilateral toe-off
• CFS contralateral foot-strike
• CTO contralateral toe-off

27
Others use San Serif for body butSerif for
Headings

• Female subject
• Laboratory walkway
• Speed was 1.77 m/s (fast)
• IFS ipsilateral foot-strike
• ITO ipsilateral toe-off
• CFS contralateral foot-strike
• CTO contralateral toe-off

28
Use Text Colours for Emphasis(One or Two, Three
is Maximum)

• Female subject
• Laboratory walkway
• Speed was 1.77 m/s (fast)
• IFS ipsilateral foot-strike
• ITO ipsilateral toe-off
• CFS contralateral foot-strike
• CTO contralateral toe-off

29
Use Colour Coordinated TemplatesHigh Contrast
(Text/Background)not like this one

• Female subject
• Laboratory walkway
• Speed was 1.77 m/s (fast)
• IFS ipsilateral foot-strike
• ITO ipsilateral toe-off
• CFS contralateral foot-strike
• CTO contralateral toe-off

30
Textbooks use Sans Serif (e.g., Arial) for
Titles, Serif (e.g., Times) for Text

• Female subject
• Laboratory walkway
• Speed was 1.77 m/s (fast)
• IFS ipsilateral foot-strike
• ITO ipsilateral toe-off
• CFS contralateral foot-strike
• CTO contralateral toe-off

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Proper Font Size is Important(24 to 32 points,
Below are 18 and 14)

• Female subject
• Laboratory walkway
• Speed was 1.77 m/s (fast)
• IFS ipsilateral foot-strike
• ITO ipsilateral toe-off
• CFS contralateral foot-strike
• CTO contralateral toe-off

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Should be Approximately One Slide per Minute

• The use of dual slide projectors (now uncommon)
  is NOT recommended.
• If used, make sure there are two slides for each
  transition, otherwise you may get out of
  synchrony.

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35mm Slides

• It is advisable to number your slides to ensure
  correct ordering and to permit quick loading.
• Use of thumbprints are recommended to ensure
  that slides are projected correctly.
• Slides go in projector upside down.
• Thumbprints dont actually appear in the slide.

35
34
Clipart

• Text only presentations are boring.
• Clipart adds interest but can be distracting.
• Dont use too manyone or two.

35
Tables and Histograms

• Tables should be used to summarize numerical
  data.
• Histograms can be used if there are too few
  numbers for a table.

36
Table Too Detailed
37
Still Too Many and Difficult to Read
38
Still Too Many but Readable
39
About Right or Less?
40
Keep Number of Bars Small
41
Background Box Helps
42
Keep Figures Big
43
Including Text Focuses Your Audience
Flexion
Trial 2SFN3
Extension
Ang. velocity

• Positive work by flexors to swing leg

Moment
Power
Flexors
Extensors

• Positive work by extensors to extend thigh

H1
Concentric
H3

• Negative work by flexors to control extension

H2
Eccentric
ITO
IFS
CTO
CFS
ITO
Time
44
Colours Help to Distinguish Different Items in
Figures
Flexion
Trial 2SFN3
Extension
Ang. velocity

• Positive work by flexors to swing leg

Moment
Power
Flexors
Extensors

• Positive work by extensors to extend thigh

H1
Concentric
H3

• Negative work by flexors to control extension

H2
Eccentric
ITO
IFS
CTO
CFS
ITO
Time
45
Include Labels and Units in Figures and Tables
10
Flexion
0
Trial 2SFN3
Extension
-10
Ang. velocity

• Positive work by flexors to swing leg

Moment
Power
100
Flexors
0
Power (W) Moment (N.m)
A ng. Vel. (rad/s)
Extensors

• Positive work by extensors to extend thigh

-100
H1
Concentric
H3
100
0

• Negative work by flexors to control extension

H2
Eccentric
-100
IFS
CTO
CFS
ITO
CFS
ITO
-200
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Time (s)
46
PowerPoint Slides(Permit Animations and
Multimedia)

• Bulleted text can be sequenced.
• So can other elements such as figures, tables and
  arrows.
• If text and arrows are synchronized the text must
  be in separate windows and grouped.
• If left ungrouped you need to press a key for
  each element to appear.

5
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PowerPoint Slides(Permit Animations and
Multimedia)

• Bulleted text can be sequenced.
• So can other elements such as figures, tables and
  arrows.
• If text and arrows are synchronized the text must
  be in separate windows and grouped.
• If left ungrouped you need to press a key for
  each element to appear.

• Dont use too many effects, unless there is a
  good reason.

5
48
Ungrouped Elements Require Extra Mouse Clicks

• Dorsiflexors produce dorsiflexion during swing

• Plantar flexors control dorsiflexion

A2
A1

• Large burst of power by plantar flexors for
  push-off

49
Grouped Elements are More Efficient
Extension

• Negative work by flexors to control extension
  prior to foot-strike

Trial 2SFN3
Flexion
Ang. velocity
Moment
Power
Extensors
Flexors

• Burst of power to cushion landing

Concentric
K2

• Negative work by extensors to control flexion at
  push-off

K4
K1
K3
Eccentric
IFS
CTO
CFS
ITO
CFS
ITO
50
Be Sure to Test the Animation Thoroughly
10
Flexion
0
Trial 2SFN3
Extension
-10
Ang. velocity
Moment

• Positive work by flexors to swing leg

Power
100
Flexors
0
Power (W) Moment (N.m)
A ng. Vel. (rad/s)
Extensors
-100

• Positive work by extensors to extend thigh

H1
Concentric
H3
100
0
H2

• Negative work by flexors to control extension

Eccentric
-100
IFS
CTO
CFS
ITO
CFS
ITO
-200
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Time (s)
51
Multimedia Items Add Interest but Create Large
Files

• Be sure the file is included with your
  presentation
• Zip disks, CD-ROMs and USB (Pen) drives can hold
  large files
• Keep the clip short and allow continuous play

52
Avoid Too Many Types of Media

• Video
• Overheads
• Handouts
• Slides
• Computer projections
• Chalkboards
• Whiteboards

53
PowerPointMovement Keyboard Shortcuts

• F1 help with shortcut
• Esc end show
• Home first slide
• End last slide
• N, Up, Right, PageUp, Spacebar, Enter or
  LeftMouse forward one slide
• P, Down, Left, PageDown, Backspace backward one
  slide
• number and Enter go to slide number

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Other Keyboard Shortcuts

• Right Mouse click menu
• A hide/show arrow
• B black screen
• W white screen
• Ctrl-A activate arrow
• Ctrl-P activate pen
• Ctrl-H hide pen or arrow
• E erase pen drawings

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Questions?

• Answers?
• Comments?