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The Jackson Era

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Title: The Jackson Era


1
The Jackson Era
  • Chapter 11

2
Off and Running
  • The Election of 1824
  • Monroe declines to run for 2nd term
  • 4 candidates for presidency

James Monroe
3
William H. Crawford
  • former congressman from GA
  • limited federal government
  • strong state powers
  • defended slavery
  • poor health weakened his chances

4
Andrew Jackson
  • -Tennessee
  • not a Washington politician
  • war hero of 1812
  • raised in poverty
  • spoke for the little people

5
Henry Clay
  • -Kentucky
  • Speaker of the House
  • Fought for internal improvements, high
    tariffs
  • wanted a strong national bank

6
John Quincy Adams
  • -Massachusetts
  • Son of former President John Adams
  • wanted to shift economy from farming to
    manufacturing

7
  • Jackson, Clay and Adams were Favorite Son
    candidates.
  • Their states backed them, not the national party.

8
Playing with Numbers
  • Jackson received largest number of popular votes.
  • No candidate received a majority (gt1/2) of the
    electoral votes
  • Jackson won 99 electoral votes, a plurality
    (largest, single share)

9
  • Clay and Adams plan a scheme
  • Clay will use his influence as Speaker of House
    to sway votes towards Adams.
  • In return, Clay to be named Sec. of State

10
  • Jackson accuses men of making a corrupt bargain
  • Adams appoints Clay secretary of state

11
ELECTION NUMBERS
  • Candidate Electoral Popular House
  • Vote Vote Vote
  • Jackson 99 153,544 7
  • Adams 84 108,740 13
  • Crawford 41 41,618 4
  • Clay 37 47,136 0

12
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13
Adams Presidency
  • Corrupt bargain cast a shadow over the presidency
  • He wanted policies that ran against popular
    opinion
  • Wanted a stronger navy
  • Wanted federal government to direct economic
    growth
  • Congress turned down many of his proposals

14
Election of 1828 Republican Party Divides
  • Democratic-Republicans
  • -supported Jackson
  • -favored states rights
  • -mistrusted strong central government
  • -immigrants, laborers, frontiersmen were
    democrats

15
National-Republicans
  • -supported Adams
  • -wanted a strong central government
  • -supported federal measures like road building,
    and Bank of the US (helps to shape the
    economy)
  • -merchants, successful farmers were Republicans

16
New Kind of Campaign
  • Both parties resorted to mudslinging
  • Ruining the others reputation with insults
  • Jacksons camp
  • -accuses Adams of betraying interests of the
    people.
  • -released handbills calling him unholy and
    having selfish ambition
  • Slogans, rallies, buttons, B-B Qs became a new
    element to campaigns

17
  • Adams camp
  • -created a vicious song against Jackson telling
    about embarrassing incidents in his life.
  • -told of Jacksons involvement in an execution
    of soldiers who deserted in War of 1812.
  • -Adams called him a barbarian and a savage

18
Jackson Wins!
  • He receives most of the votes in the frontier
  • Receives many votes from the South
  • His policy of states rights helped
  • John C. Calhoun South Carolina (Adams VP)
    switched parties and ran as Jacksons VP
  • They won by a landslide (overwhelming victory)
  • 56 of the popular vote
  • 178 electoral votes

19
Jacksonian Democracy
  • Background on Jackson
  • Born in a log cabin
  • parents were poor farmers
  • they died before he was 15
  • He fought with the Patriots as a teenager
    during the American Revolution
  • Elected to congress from Tennessee

20
  • became famous in War of 1812
  • defeated Creek Nation in Battle of Horseshoe
    Bend
  • victory at Battle of New Orleans
  • Called Old Hickory because he was as tough as
    a hickory stick
  • Popular with the common man because of his
    success story

21
  • Between 1824 1828 57 of white males were
    voting from 37 earlier
  • White male sharecroppers, factory workers etc.
    allowed to vote
  • By 1840 80 of white males could vote, no women,
    African Americans or Native Americans

22
  • Jackson fired many government workers and
    replaced them with his supporters
  • He said that a new set of government employees
    would be good for democracy

23
  • Supporter of Jackson said To the victors belong
    the spoils
  • The practice of replacing government employees
    with the candidates supporters became known as
    the spoils system

24
Electoral Changes
  • Caucus system abandoned
  • - where major political candidates were chosen
    by committees made up of members of congress
  • Replaced by nominating conventions
  • - where delegates from the states select the
    parties candidate
  • Allowed more voter input

25
  • 1st democratic national party convention held in
    1832 in Baltimore, Maryland.
  • Drew delegates from each state
  • Nominate candidate who could gather 2/3rds of
    vote
  • Jackson won the nomination

26
T is for Tariff
  • Tariff a fee paid by merchants who imported
    goods
  • Jackson faced a tariff crisis
  • -1828 congress passed high tariff on
    manufactured goods from Europe

27
  • Manufacturers in NE liked it
  • -made US goods more desirable
  • -Southerners opposed.
  • They traded cotton for
  • European manufactured goods.

28
S is for South or Secede
  • Southerners were outraged over tariffs
  • VP Calhoun argued that a state or group of states
    had a right to nullify (cancel) a federal law it
    felt was unconstitutional
  • Some southerners wanted to secede (break away)
    from the US and form their own government

29
Where does everybody stand?
  • Webster/Hayne debate
  • Daniel Webster-defends the constitution says
    that nullification could only mean the end of the
    union

30
  • Robert Hayne-defends the idea that states had a
    right to nullify acts of the federal government
    and even to secede

31
  • Andrew Jackson-Southerners hoped he would side
    with them however at a dinner party he said Our
    federal government must be preserved

32
  • John Calhoun-
  • defender of states rights. After the
    Presidents comments, he wins election to the
    senate to defend states rights and resigns as
    VP.

33
Sticks and Stones
  • Southerners anger builds
  • A new, lower tariff is passed by congress
  • It did not appease the south

34
  • South Carolina state legislature passed the
    nullification act declaring it would not pay
    the illegal tariffs.
  • They threatened to secede if the feds interfered
    with them

35
  • Jackson thinks they have gone mad
  • Henry Clay proposes a bill to greatly lower the
    tariff.
  • Jackson supports it.
  • Jackson persuaded Congress to pass the force
    bill which allows the President to use military
    force to enforce the law.

36
  • South Carolina accepted the compromise tariff
  • Jackson sent a strong message that the federal
    government would not allow a state to go its own
    way without a fight

37
Whose land is it anyway?
  • A few background facts
  • -large s of Native Americans still lived in
    eastern part of US
  • - GA, MS, FL, AL had valuable land that was held
    by the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw and
    Seminoles
  • -

38
  • -areas west of the MS river were dry and
    unsuitable for farming.
  • -settlers wanted Native Americans to be
    relocated west of the MS river so valuable land
    would be available for them
  • -President Jackson supported this idea.

39
Indian Removal Act of 1830
  • Act allowed government to pay Native Americans to
    move west
  • Federal officials were sent to negotiate treaties
    with them
  • Most accepted payment and agreed to move
  • 1834 congress created the Indian Territory
    (present day Oklahoma) for them

40
Indian Removal Act
  • Indian Territoryarea of land containing most of
    present-day Oklahoma

Map of Indian Territory
41
  • Cherokee nation in GA refused.
  • 1790s GA had recognized them as a separate
    nation with its own laws
  • They sued the state government eventually went
    to Supreme Court (Worcester v. Georgia)
  • Chief Justice John Marshall ruled GA had no right
    to interfere with Cherokee nation

42
the Cherokee nation is a distinct community,
occupying its own territory,in which the laws of
Georgia have no force. --Chief Justice John
Marshall
43
John Marshall has made his decision now let him
enforce it. --Andrew Jackson
44
The Trail of Tears
  • 1835 a few Cherokee signed a treaty giving up
    their land
  • 17000 refused to honor the treaty
  • They wrote a protest letter to the government and
    people of the US

45
  • 1838 General Winfield Scott and 7000 troops came
    to remove them from their homes
  • They were told if they did not go peacefully they
    would have to go by force

46
  • Cherokee leaders knew fighting would only lead to
    their end and gave in
  • Brutal weather, sickness claimed thousands of
    Cherokee lives on the way. Their sadness and
    death gave it the name- trail of tears

47
Some fought back
  • 1832 the Sauk Chieftain Black Hawk led the Sauk
    and Fox people back to Illinois, their homeland
  • Met by militia
  • Killing hundreds of the Native Americans the
    militia chased the remaining ones over the border
    into Iowa.
  • US troops pursued the retreating Indians and
    slaughtered them

48
Seminole Wars
  • Pressured to sign treaties in the early 1830s to
    sell land
  • Chief Osceola and his people refused to leave
  • Decided to go to war against US instead
  • Joined with group of runaway African Americans

49
  • Used guerilla tactics (surprise attacks)
  • By 1842 more than 1500 of 10000 American soldiers
    had died
  • Government gave up and let them remain in FL
  • Though many Seminole had died or been captured
    and sent west
  • Only a few scattered groups lived east of the MS

50
Money, Money, Money, Money,
  • Jackson thought the Bank of the US was an
    organization of wealthy Easterners where ordinary
    people had no control
  • The bank held ALL of the governments money
  • It controlled much of the countrys money supply

51
  • Bank was originally chartered by Congress
  • Now run by private bankers, not elected officials
  • President of bank, Nicholas Biddle, opposite of
    Jackson

52
  • Jackson said the bank favored the rich and hurt
    the poor.
  • Jackson withdrew all of the government money from
    the bank. By 1836, the bank closed its doors.

53
New blood in the White House
  • Jackson does not run for 3rd term in 1836
  • Democrats select Martin Van Buren New York as
    candidate
  • Whigs- a new political party emerged.

54
  • With Jacksons support, Van Buren wins
  • -Economic depression sets in- panic of 1837
  • -land values drop, investments decline
  • -banks fail, people lose confidence in the
    economy thousands lose jobs
  • -poor cant pay rent or buy food

55
  • Panic of 1837 leads to economic depression
  • Result of Jacksons policies
  • Van Buren blamed and defeated in election of 1840

56
  • Van Buren believed in a laissez-faire
    government- it should interfere as little as
    possible in the nations economy.
  • Lasted 6 years, people turned against VanBuren

57
Washington flipped its Whig
  • 1840 presidential election
  • William Henry Harrison- hero of War of 1812
    (defeated Tecumseh at the Battle of Tippecanoe)
  • Ran against Van Buren. He represented the Whig
    party

58
  • John Tyler- a planter from VA was his running
    mate
  • Their slogan was Tippecanoe and Tyler too

59
  • They adopted a log cabin as their symbol to
    show people that they were a man of the people
    even though they came from wealthy backgrounds
  • Called the log cabin campaign

60
  • Harrison won by a wide margin
  • Harrison was the 1st Whig president 4 weeks
    after taking office, he died of pneumonia.

61
Tyler Steps In
  • John Tyler was the 1st VP to take office of
    President at a death
  • -Tyler had been a democrat before he became a
    Whig
  • -disagreed with many Whig policies
  • -strong supporter of States rights
  • -vetoed several bills sponsored by the Whigs
  • -Whig leaders eventually expel him from their
    party

62
  • Whigs could agree on parties goals. More than
    not they voted on things according to their
    sections (north, south, etc) caused too much
    division
  • 1844 James Polk becomes President (non Whig)

63
Procession of Presidents
  • George Washington 1789-1797
  • John Adams 1797-1801
  • Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809
  • James Madison 1809-1817
  • James Monroe 1817-1825
  • John Quincy Adams 1825-1829
  • Andrew Jackson 1829-1837
  • Martin VanBuren 1837-1841
  • William H. Harrison 1841
  • John Tyler 1841-1845
  • James Polk 1845-1849
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