?? ?dat????a?e?

1
?? ?dat????a?e?

• ????e?? µa??µat??
• ??sa???? st? ??µe?a ???f?µ??
• ?a?as?e?? 21 ?a?t??? 2008

??????? ?sa??at???? ??teta?µ???? ?p???????
?a????t?? ?µ?µa ??µe?a? ?a?ep?st?µ?? ???t??
2
?dat????a?e?

• ???sµ??
• ?e??????? C, H, O
• Ge????? ??p?? Cx(H2O)y
• ????? CO ?a? -??
• ???µ????ta? ?a? s???a?a
• ? a???ß?? ???sµ?? d??eta? ap? t? IUPAC
• ?????? f?t?s???es??
• CO2 H2O s???a?a ?2
• ??at??f?

• 2-Carb-1.1. Carbohydrates
• The generic term 'carbohydrate' includes
  monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and
  polysaccharides as well as substances derived
  from monosaccharides by reduction of the carbonyl
  group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more
  terminal groups to carboxylic acids, or by
  replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a
  hydrogen atom, an amino group, a thiol group or
  similar heteroatomic groups. It also includes
  derivatives of these compounds. The term 'sugar'
  is frequently applied to monosaccharides and
  lower oligosaccharides. It is noteworthy that
  about 3 of the compounds listed by Chemical
  Abstracts Service (i.e. more than 360 000) are
  named by the methods of carbohydrate
  nomenclature.

3
?????aµµa ????

• ?at?ta?? ?data???????
• ??µ?
• ??t?d??se?? ?data???????
• ?? p?? s?????sµ???? ?dat????a?e?
• ????? ?data??????? sta t??f?µa

4
?at?ta?? ?data???????
1. ???e??? t?? ßas???? a???a????? a??s?da?
2. T?s? t?? CO
?et???
t?????
tet????
pe?t???
a?d???
e????
4. Ste?e???µe?a
3. ????µ?? µ???d?? sa??????
??a?t??µ??e?a D- ?a? L- ?????p???s? ????????
?a? ??????? ???µ??e?a a- ?a? ß-
5. ??ast???t?ta
??a?????? ??e?d????ta? ap? t? a?t?d?ast????
Tollens ?? ??a?????? ?e? ??e?d????ta? ap? t?
a?t?d?ast???? Tollens
5
??µ?? ?data???????
??a?t??µ??e?a
?????p???s?-???µ??e?a
trans-
a-D-???????
ß-D-???????
??µ? Fischer
Cis-
D-????e???a?de?d?
L-????e???a?de?d?
??µ?? Haworth

• ?? t? -?? t?? µe?a??te??? se a???µ?s?
  ?e???µ??f?? ????a?a e??a?
• ?e??? D-s???a??
• ???ste?? L-s???a??

??µ? ??a????t???
6
??t?d??se?? ?data???????

• ??t?d??se?? -??
• S??µat?sµ?? est??a
• S??µat?sµ?? a????a
• ??e?d?s? se CO
• ??a???? se de???
• ??t??at?stas? µe NH2, SH, X

• ??t?d??se?? CO
• ??e?d?s? se -COOH
• ??a???? se -OH

• ??t?d??se?? a??µe????? -??
• S??µat?sµ?? ?????s???-a??????d???
• ??e?d?s? se ?a?t??e?

• ??t?d??se?? CO ?a? -??
• ???????? ?µ?a?et??e? (p??a????/f???a????)
• S??µat?sµ?? a?eta??? (???????te?)
• ?s?µe?e??s? a?d????/?et????

7
??t?d??se?? ?data???????
1. ??e?d?s?
??d????? ???
?a?? µp?e
???µa ???????-??t????
Benedicts, Fellings
RCHO 2 Ag() OH() RC(OH)O 2
Ag (metallic mirror) H2O
Tollens test
http//www.cem.msu.edu/reusch/VirtualText/aldket1
.htmrx4
8
??t?d??se?? ?data???????
?????OS?
???????
G??????????? ???
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageGlucuronic.png
http//www.cem.msu.edu/reusch/VirtualText/carbhyd
.htmcarb1
9
????µ??? ??e?d?s? t?? ????????

• ????µ??? ??e?d?s?
• ?fa?µ???? st?? a????s? ???????? sta t??f?µa, a?µa
• ???a?s??t??e?

http//www.cfs.purdue.edu/Class/Fn630/Virt_Class_
2/CHOreactions.htm
10
??t?d??se?? ?data???????
2. ??a????

• G???a?t???? ??e? ?aµ???? ?e?µ?d???? a??a?
• ???s? ap? as?e?e?? µe d?aß?t?
• ?e? p???a???? te??d??a

D-?????t??? (s??ß?t???)
D-f????t???
D-µa???t???
11
??t?d??se?? ?data???????
3. S??µat?sµ?? est??a
4. S??µat?sµ?? a????a (S???es? Williamson)
5. ?????p???s? (S??µat?sµ?? ?µ?a?et????)
12
??t?d??se?? ?data???????
6. S??µat?sµ?? ???????t??
?-???????te? fa????e?, f?aß??e?, ste??e?d?,
te?pe??e?d?,a?????a???e? ?a? f?aß???e?d? -
f?s???? ???st???? ?-???????te?
?????e?t?d?a S-???????te? s???p?, ???a??,
??????p?d?
13
??t?d??se?? aµa???s??

• ??e?d?t??? aµa???s?
• ?? ??e?d?t??? aµa???s?
• ?e?a???d??e?
• ?a?aµe??p???s?
• S???a?a µe ???µa?s?
• pa?as?e?? s???p???
• a?a???t??? t?p?? cola
• ??t?d??se?? Maillard

• ????µ????
• ?? e???µ????

14
Maillard reactions
1. ?????? st?d?? S??µat?sµ?? ?-???????t?
2. ?etas??µat?sµ?? Amadori
15
??t?d??se?? Aµa???s?? (Maillard reaction)
3. ??d??µesa st?d?a
16
??t?d??se?? Aµa???s?? (Maillard reaction)
3. ?e???? st?d?a
4. ??t?d?as? Strecker
17
????sa??a??te?
?e?t??e?
D-??????
D-a?aß?????
D-??ß???
?????e????? ???a, s??????µ? t?? ß?taµ???? ?12
????a, ????, f???ta
??µµea, p??t?????? ??e?, f???ta
18
????sa??a??te?
????e?
G?????? ?a?as?e???eta? ap? ?d????s? t??
aµ???? ????µ??? ?d????s?
F????t??? ????, f???ta ?a?as?e???eta? ap? t??
?d????s? ?????????
Ga?a?t??? Staf???a. ?????, S?stat??? t?? ?a?t????
?a????? ?spe??d?e?d?, µe??se?, e????
19
?????sa??a??te?
?? a????? s???a??
S??????? (sa??a????)
?a?t???
?d????s? ???????µße?t?s???a??
?a?t???
?e???ß????
?µ?a?eta???? ?d???????
20
????sa??a??te? - ?µ???
?µ????? (a-D-1,4), 20
?µ?????????
MB10000-50000
?µ???p??t???, 80 e??e?a (a-D-1,4) - d?a???d?s?
(a-D-1,6)
MB50000-300000
21
?µ???

• ?e?at???p???s?
• ?? ?µ??? ad????t? st? ?e??
• T??µa?s? ? d?????s? ??????
• ?µ????? d?a??t?p??e?ta?
• ?? ?????? ?????? t? d?a??ast???t?ta
• ??????s? t?? ?????? se ?e?µ???as?a ?e?at???p???s??

• ?a???????s? (Retrogradation)
• ???? ????
• G?aµµ??? µ???a epa?as??des? µe desµ??? ?
• ???µa
• ?????ß?sµ?? ?e???
• ???tt?s? d?a??t?t?ta? ?a? t?s? p???
  epa?a???st????s?

G?????? ?????gel formation
??ad?ast??? pa??stas?
22
??tta????
?µ????? (a-D-1,4)
??tta???? (ß-1,4)
????? s?stat??? t?? t????µ?t?? t?? f?t??
23
????? ?data??????? sta t??f?µa

• ??a?t?t???? ??e?

24
G???a?µ???? de??t?? (G?)

• ?a? de???e? p?s? p??? ?a? p?s? ??????a a????e? t?
  s???a?? st? a?µa µet? t? ???? t?? t??f??
• ???tat? t?µ? 100 (???????)
• ?aµ???? lt55
• ??t???? 56-69
• ?????? gt70
• ?a????????a ???? t??f?? µe ????? G? a????e? t??
  ???d??? ??a sa??a??d? d?aß?t? t?p?? 2
• Ge????? ??e???? t?? d?at??f???? a??a? t?? t??f?µ??

25
G???a?µ???? de??t?? (G?)

• ?a?????te? p?? ep??e????? t? ????a?µ??? de??t?
• ? p??t?? pa?????ta? e??a? ? p?s?t?ta t?? f?t????
  ???? (?d?a?te?a t?? d?a??t?? ????) p?? pe????e? ?
  ?dat????a?a?.
• ? de?te??? pa?????ta? e??a? ? p?s?t?ta ??p??? p??
  pe????e? ? p??? t?? ?dat????a?a (?s? pe??ss?te??
  ??p?? ?ata?a???eta? µa?? µe t?? ?dat????a?a, t?s?
  p?? a??? e??a? ? e?s?d?? t?? ?dat????a?a st?
  a?µa).
• ? t??t?? pa?????ta? e??a? ? t?p?? t?? s???et??
  ?dat????a?a. ?s? pe??ss?te?? ??????? pe????e?,
  t?s? µe?a??te??? e??a? ? ????a?µ???? de??t?? t??
  ?dat????a?a, e?? ?s? pe??ss?te?? f????t???
  pe????e? ? ?dat????a?a? t?s? ?aµ???te??? e??a? ?
  ????a?µ???? de??t??. ??t? s?µßa??e? d??t? ?
  f????t??? de? µp??e? ?a e?s???e? st? a?µa a? de?
  µetat?ape? p??ta ap? t? s???t? se ??????? µ?a
  d?ad??as?a s?et??? a???.

http//www.kventouris.com/mesa.cfm?Level17Level2
2Level30Level40Level50Level60
26
G???a?µ???? de??t?? (G?)
?aµ???? (lt55) ??t???? ??????
????e? ???a 27
??µ?t??a?? all bran 34
?a?a????a ?sp?a 44
??µ? s??a??? 51
??ta ??a s??ß???? 57
????as?? s??t? 67
S??a ?e?? 61
???t??a??da FANTA 68
?sp?? ??µ? 71
?a?p???? 76
?at?te? t??a??t?? 75
??p ???? 72
?. ?af?t??, ??at??f? ??a p??a????? t?? ??e?a?
27
G???a?µ??? f??t??

• ?? ????a?µ??? f??t?? p????pte? a?
  p???ap?as??s??µe t? ????a?µ??? de??t? µe t??
  pe??e?t???t?ta se ?dat????a?e? ?a? d?a???s??µe µe
  t? 100.
• ???a? p??? p?? s?µa?t???? ap? t?? ????a?µ???
  de??t? st?? p??sd????sµ? t?? d???e?s?? t??
  ??s??????? µet? ap? ??a ?e?µa.

http//www.kventouris.com/mesa.cfm?Level17Level2
2Level30Level40Level50Level60
28
G???a?µ??? f??t??
???? ???? ??p??? p?s?t?ta G?aµµ???a ?data??????? G???a?µ???? ?e??t?? G???a?µ??? F??t??
F???ta F???ta F???ta F???ta F???ta F???ta
???? 1 1 18 54 864
??µ?? µ???? 230 ?.e. 230 ?.e. 29 57 1653
?e?????? 1 1 4 81 324
?pa???a 1 µ?t??a 1 µ?t??a 32 79 2528
?ep??? (st???????) 160 ??aµ. 160 ??aµ. 15 65 975
http//www.kventouris.com/mesa.cfm?Level17Level2
2Level30Level40Level50Level60
29
Sa??a??d?? d?aß?t??

• ?µ?da s?ßa??? ?a? ??????? a??µa???? p?? ep?d????
  st? µetaß???sµ? t?? ??ept???? s?stat???? p??
  d????? e????e?a
• ?pe?????a?µ?a af?s??a µe???a p?s? sa?????? st?
  a?µa
• ????a?e? ?a??t???, t?f??se??, ?a?d??p??e?e?,
  a???t???asµ???, µ????se??
• ??t?a
• ?a??st??? ???
• ?a?? d?at??f?
• pa??sa???a

30
Sa??a??d?? d?aß?t??

• ?????e?a ???a??sµ?? ????a p??? ???????
• ?dat????a?e?
• 10 ??pa??? ??e?
• 60 p??te??e?
• ???µ?s? ???????? st? a?µa ?a? sta ??tta?a ap?
  ??µ??e?
• ??s??????
• ??epa???? ? t? s?µa ad??ate? ?a t??
  ???s?µ?p???se?
• G???a????
• ?etat??pe? t? ????????? se ???????
• S?µat?stat???
• ???µ?s? t?? ?????s?? ??s???????

31
Sa??a??d?? d?aß?t??

• ??p??
• Sa??a??d?? d?aß?t?? e?a?t?µe??? ap? t?? ??s??????
  (IDDM)
• ?ea????? 1-40 ?t??
• 10-20
• Sa??a??d?? d?aß?t?? µ? e?a?t?µe??? ap? t??
  ??s?????? (?IDDM)
• ????????
• gt40 et??
• 80 pa??sa????
• ??aß?t?? ???f???a?
• ?e?te?e??? sa??a??d?? d?aß?t??
• F??µa?a
• ?s???e?a t?? pa????at??

32
Sa??a??d?? d?aß?t??

• ??t?µet?p?s?
• ??e???? t?? ep?p?d?? sa?????? st? a?µa
• ???f?d?s?a t?? as?e???? µe t?? ?at?????e?
  ??ept???? ??s?e?
• ??????? s?µpt?µ?t??

• ?p?peda ???????? st? a?µa 0,7-1,2 mg/ml
• ??a?ta
• ?a?????? d?a?ta
• ?e ??s??????
• ?p?????a?µ??? µ?s?
• S?µat??? ?s??s?

33
Sa??a??d?? d?aß?t?? ?a? d?at??f?

• ??at?µ??e?µ??? ?at???? d?at??f??? ?e?ape?a
• ?t?µ???? d?at??f???? s????e?e?
• ?etaß????? p??f??
• St????? ?e?ape?a?
• ?p???µ?t? ap?te??sµata
• Ste?? pa?a???????s? µetaß?????? pa?aµ?t???
• G???????
• G?????????µ??? a?µ?sfa?????
• ??p?d?a
• ??t???a?? p?es?
• S?µat??? ß????
• ?ef???? ?e?t?????a
• Ge????te?? p???t?ta ????

34
Sa??a??d?? d?aß?t?? ?a? d?at??f?

• ?dat????a?e?
• ???f?? p?? pe??????? ?dat????a?e? ap? ?a?p???,
  d?µ?t??a??, f???ta ?a? ?a?a????,
  ?µ?ap?ß??t???µ??? ???a p??pe? ?a
  s?µpe???aµß????ta?
• ?? µ? ??ept???? ????a?t???? ??s?e? e??a? asfa?e??
  se ?a????sµ??a ???a
• ?ata????s? f?t???? ????
• ?? ?dat????a?e? ?a? ta µ???a???esta ??p? ?a
  p??pe? ?a pa?????? t? 60-70 t?? e?e??e?a???
  p???????
• ???te??e?
• S?????? (10-20) e?e??e?a??? p??s?????

• ??p?
• ???esµ??a ??p? lt10 e?e??e?a??? p??s?????
• ????ste???? lt300mg/µ??a
• ?e?????sµ?? LDL µe µe??s? ???esµ???? ??pa???
• ?a e?a??st?p????e? ? p??s???? trans ??pa??? ?????
• lt30 e?e??e?a??? p??s?????
• ??????
• 1 p?t? ??a e?????e? ???a??e?, 2 p?t? ??a e?????e?
  ??d?e?
• 1 p?t? 1 µp??a 240ml, 1 p?t??? ??as? 120ml, 1
  p?t??? apesta?µ???? p?t?? 50 ml
• S?µat??? ?s??s?
• ???a??? t??p?? ????

35
G???a?t???? ??e?

• F?s????
• ?e???t??

36
F?s???? ????a?t???? ??e?

• S???????
• ?e? a????e? t? ????a?µ?a ap? ?t? t? ?µ???
• ?????e? t?? te??d??a
• F????t???
• 9 e?e??e?a??? p??s?????
• ??? ?????? ap? t? ???a??
• ?a??? ????a?t???? pa?????ta? a??? µe ep?pt?se??
  sta ??p?d?a
• G???a?t???? a?????e?
• ?d??????µ???? µ???sa??a??te?
• S??ß?t???, µa???t???, ????t???
• ?d?????µ???? d?sa??a??te?
• ?s?µa?t???, µa?t?t???, ?a?t?t???
• ???µata a?t??

37
?e???t?? ????a?t???? ??e?

• ?a?a????
• ???a??t?ta ?a?????? ????d???? ??st?? se
  pe??aµat???a ??? se a????p???
• ???e?d?p???s? st?? et???ta ?t? µp??e? ?a e??a?
  ep????d???
• ?spa?t?µ?
• ?sfa???
• ???e?d?p???s? st?? et???ta ??a ta ?t?µa p??
  p?s???? ap? fa??????et??????a
• 40 mg / ???? s?µat???? ß????? (15 ???t???a
  a?a???t????)
• S????a????
• ?a??????? a?et?s???f?µ?

?a te?e?ta?a 20 ?????a a???s? t?? ?p??ßa???
a????p??
38
?e???t?? ????a?t???? ??e?
G???a?t??? ??? G???a?t??? ??a??t?ta
?a?a???? 300
?spa?t?µ? 180
??et?s???f?µ? ? 200
S????a???? 500-600
39
??a?t?t???? ? f?t???? ??e?

• ???a? d?µ??? st???e?a t?? f?t???? ??tt???? p??
  de? p?pt??ta? ap? ta pept??? ????µa t?? a????p??

• ???a? ap???e?st??? f?t???? p????e?s??
• ?e? ap?d?d??? e????e?a st?? ???a??sµ?
• ?e? e??a? d??at? ? p??? ?a? ? ap????f?s? t??? st?
  ?ept? ??te?? ?a? ap?ß?????ta? ap? t? pa?? ??te??

www.health.in.gr
40
?at?????e? d?a?t?t???? ????

• ?d????te? st? ?e??
• ??tta????
• ?µ???tta???e? (p???µe?? pe?t????)
• ???????? (p???µe??? t?? f????t????)

• ??a??t?? st? ?e??
• ???t??e?
• ????µe?? t?? ?a?a?t????????? ?????
• ????µe?? µ???sa??a??t?? p?? s??µat????? p??t??
  st? ?e??
• ??µµea

??????e? µ? ?data???a???? pa?????a
41
?as???? ?e?t?????e? d?a?t?t???? ????

• ?d????te? st? ?e??
• S????at??? ?e?? st? ??te?? ?a? a??????? se ????
  ?a? d?at????? t?? ??e?a t?? pept???? s?st?µat??
• ?p?f??? d?s??????t?ta?, a?µ????d??, p??ß??µ?t??
  t?? e?t????
• ?e?????? t?? ???d??? ??a eµf???s? ?a?????? t??
  pa???? e?t????

• ??a??t?? st? ?e??
• ?p?µ??????? ??????? t? a?s??µa t?? ???esµ??
• ?e?????? t? ???? e????e?a? ?a? s??te???? st??
  ??e??? t?? s?µat???? ß?????
• ???a??? µe?????? t?? eµf???s? ?a?d?a??e?a???
  pa??se?? µe?????ta? ta ep?peda t?? ????ste?????
  st? a?µa
• ???µ????? ta ep?peda ???????? st? a?µa

42
???s? t?? d?a?t?t???? ????
4. ????? p?s?t?ta ??????? a??t?? ap?µa????eta?
??a?ta se ?aµ???? pe??e?t???t?ta? se d?a?t?t????
??e?
??a?ta se ?????? pe??e?t???t?ta? se d?a?t?t????
??e?
43
??a?t?t???? ??e? ?a? t??f?µa

• F???ta
• ?a?a????
• ?sp??a
• ????? ?a?p??
• ??µ?t??a?? ?????? ??es?? ?a? p?????ta

• S???st?µe?? ?µe??s?a d?s? 25-35 g

44
??ß?????af?a

• ???d???? ?., ???t?µ??? ?., ??sa???? st? ??µe?a
  ???f?µ??, e?d. ????, 1985.
• Ga?a??p????? ?., ?aµpet???? G., ?a??? ?., S?af??a
  ?, ??at??f? ?a? ??µe?a ???f?µ??, e?d.
  Staµ?????, 2007.
• ?af?t?? ?., ??at??f? ??a p??a???? t?? ??e?a? ?a?
  p?????? t?? ??????? as?e?e???, ?????????,
  ????d????, 2007.
• ?at??a ?., ?aµµ???? ?., ??p????? ?., ??at??f?,
  ???, ??µ?a? ??e?a? ?a? p?????a?, ? t???, e?d
  ????, 2002
• ?p?s??? ?, ??µe?a ???f?µ??, e?d. Ga?ta????,
  2004.
• Townsend C., Roth R., ???e??? d?at??f? ?a?
  d?a?t?t???, e?d. ?????, 2000.

45
????? d?ad??t???

• http//www.cem.msu.edu/reusch/VirtualText/aldket1
  .htmrx4
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageGlucuronic.png
• http//www.cem.msu.edu/reusch/VirtualText/aldket1
  .htmrx4
• http//www.cfs.purdue.edu/Class/Fn630/Virt_Class_
  2/CHOreactions.htm
• http//www.kventouris.com/mesa.cfm?Level17Level2
  2Level30Level40Level50Level60
• www.health.in.gr
• www.mednutrition.gr