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Organic Chemistry

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Title: Organic Chemistry Author: Jennifer L. Koeneke Last modified by: Jennifer Sills Created Date: 2/29/2004 11:31:04 PM Document presentation format – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Organic Chemistry


1
Organic Chemistry
  • Biologically Important Molecules

2
2 Groups of Compounds
  • Organic contain carbon
  • Inorganic- do not contain carbon

3
Compounds of Life
  • Organic compounds found in living things can be
    classified into 4 groups
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids

4
Carbohydrates
  • Sugars and Starches

5
What are carbohydrates used for?
ENERGY STRUCTURE
6
Important Examples
  • sugar
  • glycogen (glucose)
  • starch
  • cellulose

7
MONOSACCARIDES SIMPLE SUGARS BUILDING
BLOCKS!
8
Glucose is the most important monosaccharide on
Earth.
Photosynthesis (made) Cellular Respiration
(used)
9
Polysaccharides
  • excess sugar is stored in the form of
    polysaccharides
  • Plants starch
  • Animals glycogen (stored by liver and muscles)

10
Other Important Polysaccharides
  • Cellulose is only found in plants it provides
    strength and rigidity (major component of wood)

11
Lipids
  • Fats, Oils, Waxes, Hormones

12
Importance
  • forms cell membranes
  • store energy
  • provides insulation- regulates body temperature
  • help the body use vitamins
  • protect organs
  • function as messengers
  • promotes healthy skin
  • Bonus- Taste great!

13
  • Fatty acids
  • BUILDING BLOCKS!

14
Ex.- Phospholipids
  • a phosphate group replaces the third fatty acid
  • makes up the structure of cell membranes
    (phospholipid bilayer)

15
Phospholipids cont.
  • have a hydrophillic head (phosphate)
  • have a hydrophobic tail
  • hydrophillic- water loving
  • hydrophobic- water fearing
  • soluble in water

16
Ex.- Sterols
  • Cholesterol is one of the most common sterols
  • Used to make bile (for digestion)
  • structure of brain and nerve cells
  • Part of vitamin D
  • Help carry messages in the body
  • Help form steroid hormones such as cortisol,
    testosterone, and progesterone

17
Ex.- Waxes
  • coat and protect things in nature
  • bees make wax
  • our ears make wax
  • plant leaves have a waxy coating on the outside
    to prevent water loss transpiration

18
Organic Compounds
  • Proteins

19
Amino acids BUILDING BLOCKS!
20
Functions
  • Control cell activities chemical reactions
    (enzymes)
  • cell metabolism
  • Metabolism OBTAINING and USING ENERGY
  • cellular transport
  • immune system function
  • muscle function
  • structure
  • tissues and organs
  • hair, nails, horns, hoofs, etc.

21
What are Enzymes?
  • very important proteins
  • only found in living things
  • changes the rate of a chemical reaction
  • also called catalysts
  • can speed up reactions
  • control metabolic processes

22
Why are Enzymes Important?
  • help make materials needed by cells
  • release energy
  • transfer information
  • also involved in chemical reactions of digestion,
    reproduction, respiration, vision, movement,
    thought, etc.

23
Factors that Affect Enzymes
  • Enzyme activity can be affected by
  • temperature
  • pH
  • Cells must maintain homeostasis of pH and
    temperature for enzymes to work best!
  • All enzymes have optimal (BEST) pH levels and
    temperatures that work fastest at!

24
pH Temperature
25
Nucleic Acids
26
Structure
  • composed of the elements carbon, oxygen,
    hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
  • Built from nucleotides
  • Very large and complex!

27
Nucleotides
  • Building blocks of nucleic acids
  • Consist of three basic parts
  • 5-carbon sugar (a carbohydrate)
  • phosphate group
  • nitrogenous base

28
Functions
  • Two basic types
  • RNA ribonucleic acid
  • contains the sugar ribose
  • Involved in making proteins
  • DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
  • contains the sugar deoxyribose
  • genetic information
  • Blueprints/instructions for life!
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