Organic Chemistry

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Organic Chemistry

• Biologically Important Molecules

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2 Groups of Compounds

• Organic contain carbon
• Inorganic- do not contain carbon

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Compounds of Life

• Organic compounds found in living things can be
  classified into 4 groups
• carbohydrates
• lipids
• proteins
• nucleic acids

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Carbohydrates

• Sugars and Starches

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What are carbohydrates used for?
ENERGY STRUCTURE
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Important Examples

• sugar
• glycogen (glucose)
• starch
• cellulose

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MONOSACCARIDES SIMPLE SUGARS BUILDING
BLOCKS!
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Glucose is the most important monosaccharide on
Earth.
Photosynthesis (made) Cellular Respiration
(used)
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Polysaccharides

• excess sugar is stored in the form of
  polysaccharides
• Plants starch
• Animals glycogen (stored by liver and muscles)

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Other Important Polysaccharides

• Cellulose is only found in plants it provides
  strength and rigidity (major component of wood)

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Lipids

• Fats, Oils, Waxes, Hormones

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Importance

• forms cell membranes
• store energy
• provides insulation- regulates body temperature
• help the body use vitamins
• protect organs
• function as messengers
• promotes healthy skin
• Bonus- Taste great!

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• Fatty acids
• BUILDING BLOCKS!

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Ex.- Phospholipids

• a phosphate group replaces the third fatty acid
• makes up the structure of cell membranes
  (phospholipid bilayer)

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Phospholipids cont.

• have a hydrophillic head (phosphate)
• have a hydrophobic tail
• hydrophillic- water loving
• hydrophobic- water fearing
• soluble in water

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Ex.- Sterols

• Cholesterol is one of the most common sterols
• Used to make bile (for digestion)
• structure of brain and nerve cells
• Part of vitamin D
• Help carry messages in the body
• Help form steroid hormones such as cortisol,
  testosterone, and progesterone

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Ex.- Waxes

• coat and protect things in nature
• bees make wax
• our ears make wax
• plant leaves have a waxy coating on the outside
  to prevent water loss transpiration

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Organic Compounds

• Proteins

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Amino acids BUILDING BLOCKS!
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Functions

• Control cell activities chemical reactions
  (enzymes)
• cell metabolism
• Metabolism OBTAINING and USING ENERGY
• cellular transport
• immune system function
• muscle function
• structure
• tissues and organs
• hair, nails, horns, hoofs, etc.

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What are Enzymes?

• very important proteins
• only found in living things
• changes the rate of a chemical reaction
• also called catalysts
• can speed up reactions
• control metabolic processes

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Why are Enzymes Important?

• help make materials needed by cells
• release energy
• transfer information
• also involved in chemical reactions of digestion,
  reproduction, respiration, vision, movement,
  thought, etc.

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Factors that Affect Enzymes

• Enzyme activity can be affected by
• temperature
• pH
• Cells must maintain homeostasis of pH and
  temperature for enzymes to work best!
• All enzymes have optimal (BEST) pH levels and
  temperatures that work fastest at!

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pH Temperature
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Nucleic Acids
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Structure

• composed of the elements carbon, oxygen,
  hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
• Built from nucleotides
• Very large and complex!

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Nucleotides

• Building blocks of nucleic acids
• Consist of three basic parts
• 5-carbon sugar (a carbohydrate)
• phosphate group
• nitrogenous base

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Functions

• Two basic types
• RNA ribonucleic acid
• contains the sugar ribose
• Involved in making proteins
• DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
• contains the sugar deoxyribose
• genetic information
• Blueprints/instructions for life!