Endocrine System

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Endocrine System
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Endocrine System

• This system secretes different hormones through a
  system of glands in order to regulate the body.
• It regulates components such as
• Mood
• Growth Development
• Tissue Function
• Metabolism

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The Parts

• Pineal Gland
• Pituitary Gland
• Thyroid Gland
• Thymus Gland
• Adrenal Gland
• Pancreas
• Testis/Ovaries

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Pineal Gland

• It is located deep in between the cerebral
  spheres.
• This gland produces the hormone known as
  melatonin.
• Melatonin regulates the sleep cycle and hormonal
  changes that usher in sexual maturity during
  adolescence.

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Pineal Gland
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Pituitary Gland

• anterior lobe
• growth hormone
• prolactin - to stimulate milk production after
  giving birth
• ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) - to stimulate
  the adrenal glands
• TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) - to stimulate
  the thyroid gland
• FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) - to stimulate
  the ovaries and testes
• LH (luteinizing hormone) - to stimulate the
  ovaries or testes
• intermediate lobe
• melanocyte-stimulating hormone - to control skin
  pigmentation
• posterior lobe
• ADH (antidiuretic hormone) - to increase
  absorption of water into the bloodby the kidneys
  
• oxytocin - to contract the uterus during
  childbirth and stimulate milk production

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Pituitary Gland
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Thyroid Gland

• Found in the neck, and is about the same level as
  the cricoid cartilage.
• The thyroid participates in the regulation of the
  rate of metabolism in the body.
• It principally produces the hormones thyroxine
  (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) which regulate
  metabolism.
• Also it produces calitonin, which plays a part in
  calcium homeostasis.

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Thyroid Gland
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Thymus Gland

• It is located underneath the top of the breast
  bone.
• It processes a type of white blood cell known as
  a T-lymphocyte.
• These white blood cells help cells destroy
  invading bacteria, viruses, and other toxins.

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Thymus Gland
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Adrenal Gland

• They are located on the top of both kidneys.
• Cortex
• Outer layer
• Synthesizes corticosteroid hormones from
  cholesterol.
• Medulla
• The core
• Responsible for giving the person adrenalin by
  circulating catecholamines adrenaline
  (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine).
  

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Adrenal Gland
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Pancreas

• It is located right under the stomach.
• The pancreas makes pancreatic juices and
  hormones, including insulin.
• Insulin controls the amount of sugar in the
  blood.

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Pancreas
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Testis/Ovaries

• Testis
• Produce Sperm
• Produces male sex hormones, most notable is the
  hormone known as Testosterone.
• Ovaries
• Secretes both estrogen and progesterone.

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Testis
Ovaries
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Gigantism

• Abnormal large growth due to an excess of growth
  hormone during childhood
• Causes benign tumor of the pituitary gland,
  diseases (Carney complex, McCune-Albright
  syndrome, Neurofibromatosis)

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Symptoms

• Delayed puberty
• Double vision
• Increased sweating
• Headache
• Irregular periods
• Large hands and feet
• Thick fingers and toes

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• A. Clinical Photograph B. Frontal
  Radiograph

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Effects

• Health problems circulatory, skeletal system
• Leads to acromegaly if the epiphyseal plates have
  not yet closed

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Treatments

• Surgery to remove tumor
• Somatostatin analogs reduce growth hormone
  release
• Dopamine agonists reduce hormone release,
  generally less effective
• Pegvisomant blocks the effect of growth hormone
• Radiation therapy

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Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)

• A condition that affects sexual development
  before birth and during puberty.
• A person who is genetically male (one X and one
  Y chromosome) is resistant to male hormones aka
  androgens
• Cause Mutation of the androgen receptor gene
  and protein

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2 Types

• Complete AIS prevents development of male body
  parts, child appears to be a girl
• Tissues are completely insensitive to androgens
• Incomplete AIS both female and male physical
  characteristics
• Tissues are insensitive to varying extents

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Symptoms

• Complete AIS no menstruation
• Incomplete AIS partial closings of vagina
• Testes in the abdomen
• No cervix or uterus

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Effects

• Infertile
• Lack of hair throughout the body

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Treatments

• Surgery and medical treatment
• For Ex removing testis because they can develop
  cancer
• Long-term course of self-dilation enlargement
  of vagina

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Diabetes
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Discovery

• Diabetes one of the first recordings was in
  ancient India.
• Sushurta then discovered a method for detecting
  diabetes using ants.
• He observed whether the ants were attracted to a
  persons urine and called it sweet urine
  disease

• The ancient Indians also realized two distinctive
  types
• Which in 1936 became type 1 and type 2, by Harold
  Himsworth

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Type 1

• Type 1 is ID as loss of insulin producing cells
• There are really no preventive measures for type
  1 only lead a healthy life style.

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Type 2

• Type 2 diabetes is classified by insulin
  resistance, which can be combined by little
  insulin secretion.
• Type 2 is most common.
• In the early stages type 2 the dominant
  abnormality is hyperglycemia(high blood sugar).
  Which can be controlled by medication.

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Type 3

• Gestational Diabetes, is almost like type 2, but
  only occurs during pregnancy. Only 2-5 of all
  pregnancies and the mother may improve or
  disappear after delivery.
• Even though it may be transient, if untreated GD
  can damage the fetus or mother. Risks are high
  birth weight, congenital cardiac and central
  nervous system anomalies, and skeletal muscle
  malformations.

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Symptoms

• The most common symptoms are frequent urination,
  frequent thirst , and increased hunger.
• Symptoms may generate more rapidly in type 1
  diabetes, especially children. But in type 2
  symptoms may develop slower, and may be very
  small to even notice.
• Type 1 can also cause rapid weight loss and
  mental fatigue.

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Diabetic Neuropathy

• High blood sugar can injure nerve fibers
  throughout your body, but diabetic neuropathy
  most often damages nerves in your legs and feet.
• Depending on the affected nerves, symptoms of
  diabetic neuropathy can range from pain and
  numbness in your extremities to problems with
  your digestive system, urinary tract, blood
  vessels and heart. 

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Prevention

• Healthy lifestyle DUHH
• Type 1 however is depended on genetics
  unfortunately and an unknown environmental
  trigger.

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Diabetes Treatments
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TYPE 1 DIABETES

• Insulin
• Usually meant for type 1 diabetes. Rarely used
  for type 2 unless its really bad
• Taken around meal times to help the body absorb
  the sugars the food gives
• Short acting insulin
• Long acting insulin

• Type 1 body naturally doesnt make insulin or
  makes too little
• Cant be cured
• Treated with insulin shots, exercise, diet
  modification, and avoiding alcohol and cigarettes

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TYPE 1 DIABETESTypes of Insulin

• Short acting
• Usually for meals
• Lasts 2 to 3 hours, but the time varies
• über short acting
• Lasts for 1 to 2 hours

• Long acting
• Used to prevent hypoglycemia (too little sugar in
  the blood) over a long period of time (sleeping)

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TYPE 2 DIABETES

• The body is unable to use insulin
• Can be cured
• Treated with exercise, diet modification,
  avoiding alcohol and cigarettes, and weight loss

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TYPE 2 DIABETESNon Traditional Treatments

• Though it is not completely proven, cinnamon is
  thought to lower blood glucose levels in type 2
  diabetes patients who are not receiving other
  treatments. However, this is not a cure and it
  isnt proven

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Ancient Chinese Secret!

• Acupuncture is another method which may lower the
  blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetes patients.
• Its based on an an imbalance of yin and yang,
  and thus, an abnormal qi
• Acupuncture can be done to many points on the
  body, but like cinnamon, this doesnt cure
  diabetes and is not an official treatment