Vitamins, Minerals, and Water Micronutrients Fluid and Electrolytes Balance.

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Vitamins, Minerals, and WaterMicronutrientsFlui
d and Electrolytes Balance.

• Chapter 8, 9,10
• BIOL1400
• Dr. Mohamad H. Termos

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Vitamins

• Essential organic (carbon containing) substances
• Needed in small amounts
• For normal function, growth and maintenance
• They are not energy yielding molecules

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Vitamins

• Vitamins can be classified into
• 1- Water soluble vitamins such as vitamin C and
  the B vitamins.
• 2- Fat soluble vitamins such as vitamins A, D, E
  and K.

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Vitamins

• Vitamins are needed in the food because many of
  them can't be synthesized in the human body.
• Exceptions include
• - Vitamin A can be synthesized from plant
  pigments
• - Vitamin D can be synthesized by skin in the
  presence of sunlight
• - Vitamin K can be synthesized by gut bacteria to
  some extent

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Vitamin Toxicity

• Fat-soluble vitamins can accumulate in the body
  and have toxic effects
• Toxicities of vitamin A are observed most
  frequently, with consumption as little as 3x
  human needs
• Vitamin E, Niacin, vitamin B-6, and vitamin C can
  become toxic when 15-100 times the amount needed
  is consumed, usually from supplementation

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The fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K

• Absorption of fat soluble vitamins
• Absorbed with dietary fat
• Special carriers in the bloodstream
• Storage in the liver and adipose tissue
• 40 to 90 are absorbed when fat absorption is
  efficient
• Diseases affecting fat absorption, some
  medications and laxatives can negatively affect
  fat soluble vitamin absorption

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Vitamin A

• Vitamin A is found in foods in different forms
• - Retinoids are preformed vitamin A only found in
  animal foods
• - Plants contain pigments called carotenoids
  (provitamin A) which can be turned into vitamin A

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Vitamin A Functions

• Vision
• - Night vision retinal (form of vit. A) allows
  eyes to adjust from bright to dim light.
• - Xeropthalmia dry eye, cells of cornea lose
  ability to produce mucus which can eventually
  lead to blindness
• - Deficiency is second leading cause of blindness
  worldwide

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• Vision (cont.)
• - Macular degeneration
• - Macula of eye contains carotenoids.
• - High consumption of these carotenoids decreases
  risk of macular degeneration
• - Carotenoids may also decrease risk of cataracts

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Vitamin A- functions (cont.)

• - Health of other cells
• - Growth, development, and reproduction
• - Cardiovascular disease prevention
• Carotenoids are antioxidants
• 5 fruits and veggies a day can decrease risk
• Cancer prevention
• Vitamin A analogs used for acne treatment.

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Vitamin A sources and needs

• - Preformed Liver, fish, fortified milk, yogurt
  and eggs
• - Provitamin A Dark green and orange vegetables
  and fruits also tomatoes
• - Consuming high amounts of marine oils can lead
  to toxicity
• - RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance) 700 to 900
  micrograms
• - Daily Value is 1000 micrograms

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Vitamin A sources and needs

• Upper level of vitamin A (The highest tolerable
  level)
• Upper level is 3000 micrograms of preformed
  vitamin A per day for adult.
• Can lead to fetal malformations, spontaneous
  abortions, and liver toxicity
• Carotenoids are not toxic

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Vitamin D

• - Also considered a hormone
• - Skin cells can synthesize Vit D using sunlight,
  90 comes from sun
• - Experts recommend exposing hands, face and arms
  to the sun for 5-10 minutes, 3 - 5 times per week

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Vitamin D Functions

• Regulates calcium and bone metabolism
• - Regulates calcium and phosphorus absorption
• - Regulates deposition of calcium and phosphorus
  in bone

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Vitamin-D Deficiency

• Rickets
• Vit. D deficiency in children causes bowed legs
• Osteomalacia
• - Bones become porous and weak and break easily
• - Aging decreases Vit D production in skin by
  about 70

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Vitamin D

• Dietary sources and needs
• - Mostly in fortified milk and yogurt, fatty fish
  and fortified cereals
• - Also found in eggs and butter.
• - AI (Adequate Intake) 5 micrograms per day,
  higher for older adults

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Vitamin D Upper Level

• - 50 micrograms per day
• - Causes over-absorption of calcium and calcium
  deposits in kidneys
• - Weakness, loss of appetite, diarrhea, vomiting,
  and increased urine also symptoms
• - Not from excessive sun exposure

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Vitamin E

• - Antioxidant
• - Resides in cell membranes
• - Stops free-radicals from damaging components of
  the cell membranes and DNA
• - Aids in the formation of red blood
• - Helps maintain nervous tissue and immune
  function

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Vitamin E Food sources and needs

• - Plant oils, cereals, eggs, and nuts
• - Animal fat has almost no Vit E
• - Adequate intake 15 milligram per day

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Vitamin E

• - Upper level is 1000 mg of supplemental alpha
  tocopherol (most common form of Vit. E)
• - Can antagonize vitamin K role in blood clotting
  leading to bleeding.

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Vitamin K

• Bacterial synthesis in intestines supplies about
  10 of our needs
• Functions
• - Blood clotting
• - Also helps in calcium binding to bones,
  muscles, and kidneys

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Vitamin K Food sources and RDA

• - Liver, soybeans and canola oils
• - Broccoli, peas and green beans
• - DV is 80 micrograms

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Water-soluble vitamins and choline

• - Readily excreted from the body
• - Very little stored
• - Includes the B vitamins and C
• - Choline is a related nutrient but is not
  classified as a vitamin.

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Thiamin - B1

• Functions to release energy from carbohydrates
• Deficiency may lead to enlarged heart and
  sometimes severe edema

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Thiamin - B1 Food sources and needs

• - Meats, milk, fish, and cereals.
• - Daily Value1.5 milligrams.
• Toxicity unlikely as it is readily excreted
• No upper limit

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Riboflavin - B2

• Functions
• - Antioxidant
• - Releases energy from carbohydrates
• Food sources and RDA
• Milk, milk products, enriched grains, meat,
  various greens and eggs
• DV is 1.7 milligrams.
• No upper limit

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Niacin - B3

• - Functions in fat metabolism
• Deficiency
• - Pellagra (means rough or painful skin)
• - Dermatitis and diarrhea
• Death can occur
• Food sources and needs
• - Poultry, beef, tuna/fish, asparagus, peanuts
• - Also coffee and tea
• DV is 20 mg and UL is 35 mg

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Biotin

• Functions
• Acts in fat and carbohydrate metabolism
• Promotes synthesis of glucose, fatty acids, and
  DNA
• Breaks down certain amino acids
• Deficiency
• Scaly inflammation of the skin
• Changes in tongue and lips
• Decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting
• Anemia, depression, muscle pain and weakness
• Poor growth

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Biotin

• Food sources and needs
• Cauliflower, Egg yolks, Peanuts, Cheese
• Intestinal bacteria synthesize some biotin making
  deficiency unlikely
• Avidin in raw egg whites binds biotin and
  inhibits its absorption
• DV is 300 micrograms
• No UL

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Pyridoxine or Vitamin B6

• Functions
• - Carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism
• - Synthesis of hemoglobin
• - Maintain healthy brain function.
• Deficiency symptoms
• - Depression, vomiting, skin disorders, nerve
  irritation, decreased immune response. Deficiency
  occur in alcoholism
• Food sources and needs
• - Meat, fish, and poultry
• - Cereals, potatoes, and milk
• Bananas, broccoli, and spinach
• Need 2 mg, UL 100mg/day

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Folate

• Functions
• - DNA synthesis
• - Amino acid metabolism
• Deficiency
• - Affects red blood cell division because DNA
  cannot form,
• - Maternal deficiency in first 28 days of
  pregnancy linked to neural tube defects
• - All women of childbearing years should take
  400mcg of synthetic folate per day

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Folate

• Food sources and needs
• Green leafy vegetables, organ meats
• Vegetables, dried beans and orange juice
• Cereals, milk and bread
• Destroyed by heat and processing
• DV 400 micrograms
• Pregnant women need 600 mcg
• Upper Limit 1 milligram

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Vitamin B12

• Characteristics
• - Synthesized by bacteria, fungus, and other
  lower organisms
• Functions
• - Folate metabolism
• - Maintains brain and spinal cord
• - Forms red blood cells
• Food sources and needs
• - Animal foods - meat, poultry, seafood, eggs,
  milk, and milk products
• - RDA 2.4 micrograms per day
• - Toxicity unknown, no UL

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Vitamin C

• Characteristics
• - Found in all living tissues
• - Most animals can synthesize from glucose
• - Vitamin C deficiency leads to scurvy weakness,
  poor wound healing, bone pain, fractures,
  bleeding gums, diarrhea, and bleeding.
• Absorption and metabolism
• - Absorbed in small intestines, 70-90 is
  absorbed
• - Percent absorbed decreases with increased
  dosage
• - High intakes can cause diarrhea

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Vitamin C

• Functions
• - Collagen synthesis
• Highly concentrated in connective tissue, bones,
  teeth, tendons, and blood vessels
• Wound healing
• - Antioxidant (water-soluble)
• Reduce formation of cancer-causing molecules
• - Enhanced iron absorption
• - Immune system
• Vitamin C in large quantities is not shown to
  prevent colds
• May reduce symptoms

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Vitamin C

• Food sources and needs
• Almost exclusively in fruits and vegetables
• Lost in processing and cooking
• DV 60 milligrams
• Smokers need an extra 35 milligrams per day
• Risk of deficiency
• Alcoholism
• Elderly men
• Upper Level 2 grams per day
• Inflammation of the stomach
• Diarrhea

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Choline

• - Now called an essential nutrient but not a
  vitamin
• - Functions
• Precursor to acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter
  associated with attention, learning, and memory
  muscle control and other functions
• - Deficiency is linked to liver damage
• - Food sources and needs
• Widely distributed in foods
• Milk, liver, and peanuts
• Adequate Intake 425 to 550 milligrams per day
• Upper Level 3.5 grams per day
• Fishy body odor
• Low blood pressure